XXII THE CAUSES OF WAR, AND THE REMEDIES 389 



tion would become almost automatic in its harmonious 

 operation. 



Such is found to be the case in the best military 

 organizations, in which the intelligence and individual 

 action of both commissioned and non-commissioned 

 officers, and even of privates, is cultivated, and becomes 

 of the greatest value, giving to the army in which it most 

 generally exists an undoubted superiority. In any army 

 thus intelligently and sympathetically trained and or- 

 ganized none of the results so dreaded in industrial 

 organization are found to occur. Men are not brought to 

 a dull level of mediocrity ; interest in the work they have 

 to do is not lost ; skulkers, malingerers, and deserters do 

 not abound in any appreciable or hurtful proportion ; nor 

 is there any indication that men of superior abilities 

 refuse to exercise their talents for the common good 

 because the money rewards of such ability are small as 

 compared with those often obtained in civil life ; and, 

 lastly, the fact that all are provided with food and 

 clothing, and are thus removed from the influence of 

 economic competition, is not found to have any injurious 

 effect on their effectiveness as workers, fighters, or 

 organizers. And that these effects are not caused by 

 compulsion and the severe penalties of military law is 

 shown by the fact that during the civil war in America, 

 where compulsion and punishment were rarely used, the 

 whole of the opposing armies being practically volunteers 

 cheerfully submitting to military drill and organization 

 for the common good, these high qualities were equally 

 manifested. 



Yet objections of this class are held to be fatal to any 

 proposal for national industrial organization for the 

 benefit of all, and the very system of training and 

 co-operation which in the one case is admitted to have 

 beneficial effects on character, and is undoubtedly, even 

 under very unfavourable conditions, attractive in its 

 comradeship and freedom from care, is condemned as 

 being injurious and unworkable when applied industrially. 

 Oh ! that some great ruler of men would arise to benefit 

 humanity by organizing industrial armies, leading to the 



