The Natural History of the Polar Bear. 275 



diarrhoea and in severe pain. A good dose of castor oil and 

 chlorodyne put it all right again. 



The muscles of the bear are enormously developed. Those 

 of. the neck, shoulder, and arms are magnificent. Conse- 

 quently ridges for muscular attachment are very prominent. 

 With regard to the interparietal ridge, I am, indeed, inclined 

 to think that there are two varieties of bear, one in which 

 this ridge does not develop markedly, and another in which 

 it does, which latter has also a smaller brain, and is a more 

 scary animal. The rump is higher than the shoulders. This 

 tends to increase the ungainly shape and awkward-looking 

 movements so characteristic of the bear. 



Wounds and scars are frequent, especially on the males. 

 The more recent I noticed to be more common in spring, and 

 are probably caused through fighting over females at rutting 

 times. The wounds are always septic. Small wounds in 

 the feet are common; in one female such wounds caused 

 inflammatory synovitis in the sheaths of the flexor tendons 

 in the fore leg, with consequent lameness in walking. 



Fractures of bones are not uncommon. On one occasion I 

 found four fractured and partially united ribs, with a large 

 amount of callus. An external wound of large size had evi- 

 dently been associated with it, but it had not been a compound 

 fracture. I observed fracture of carpus, tarsus, zygoma, and 

 possibly lower jaw. Carious teeth also occur. In one case 

 the lower left canine was almost destroyed, and the bear had 

 suffered considerable pain, for extensive periostitis had been 

 induced, and the jaw bone, with the alveolus, was enormously 

 swollen all round it. The os penis was found, more than 

 once, fractured and reunited at an angle. 



The testes appear to descend late. The female has four 

 mammae. The anterior pair are placed on the thorax, in the 

 same position as in man ; the posterior pair 6 inches behind. 

 The mamillse appear to have a central duct. 



The bowel is enormously long, being 180 feet ; there is no 

 apparent colon, but the rectum is continuous with the small 

 intestine. Tsenise or other Entozoa were never discovered 

 by me infesting it. Many portions of seal remains pass 

 undigested through the intestines, such as fragments of 



