GEOLOGY. 27 



near Stonehaven in Kincardineshire, and, extending across the 

 Bay of St. Andrews, skirt the slope of the Ochils towards the 

 river Eden. They trend in a westerly direction by Dura Den, 

 the base of the Lomonds, and stretching on the east and north 

 of Kinross, through the parishes of Strathmiglo, Arngask, and 

 Orwell, they occupy the valley from Dollar to Stirling ; thence 

 by the northern flank of the Campsie Hills towards Loch Lomond 

 and the basin of the Clyde. The materials of which these beds 

 have been formed have unquestionably been derived from the 

 debris of the older primary formations, by which they are 

 encompassed north and south of the Grampian range, and in 

 many of the lateral glens and valleys, as in a setting of parti- 

 coloured framework. The Grampians were, in all probability, 

 elevated before a particle of these sandstones was yet dis- 

 integrated from its parent rock ; while the Sidlaws and Ochils 

 were raised into position in ages long after, when these sedi- 

 mentary deposits formed the banks and tidal detritus of 

 estuaries and rivers that now have no place in the geography 

 of the earth. 



The Cornstone, or Limestone, is the next member of the 

 series in the ascending order of superposition. It occurs 

 at various places throughout the county, as Craigfoodie, 

 Newton of Auchtermuchty, Parkhill, Clatchart, Newburgh, 

 and Clunie. At Craigfoodie it appears as an outlier or 

 mere patch among the trap ; it presents a similar aspect 

 at Newburgh station, on the line of railwa}^, and trending in 

 among the rocks to the west it is scarcely distinguishable 

 from the igneous mass ; while at Newton the limestone has 

 been tossed up to the summit of the Ochils. At Parkhill 

 it reposes conformably upon the Old Red sandstone, and con- 

 sists of four beds separated from one another by brown and 

 greenish-red marl, traversed by veins of crj^stallized carbonate 

 of lime. The lowest bed is five feet thick, the second is two 

 feet, the third is about nine inches, and the upper bed is four 

 feet thick. This bed is more arenaceous than any of the rest, 



