208 Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society. 
bloom, and die. Having thus generalised, we find in Central 
Africa at the present day a picture of the development of the 
whole world. We see there various tribes who are influenced 
by, and whose development varies in the first place with, the 
stage to which agriculture has been developed. The higher 
the cultivation of the land, the greater the development of 
the people. The possession of land becomes to them valuable, 
and with its possession permanent homes and more or less 
settled government must follow. Then, again, when we 
come to look at the African tribes who are herdsmen and 
hunters, we find another stage has been reached, where the 
people are braver, and where, being used to the handling of 
weapons, a military organisation exists. Uganda and Unyoro 
are good examples of these peoples; and practically we may 
say that the tribes inhabiting the steppes and the more 
cultivated parts of the country occupy these two distinct 
platforms of development. In other regions the people have 
developed still further, and we find numerous examples in 
Africa of agricultural people being dominated by races of 
hunters and warriors, just as the Chinese are ruled by the 
Mandshu, the Persians by the Turkestans, and the Egyptians 
by Hyksos Arabs and Turks. The Central African natives 
may be compared to people living in an epoch when Little is 
demanded from individuals, and, in consequence, no rapid 
progress is expected. When, however, in the progress of the 
world, nations migrated from climatological conditions where 
life was easy to those in which individual effort was 
compulsory, the battle between man and nature stimu- 
lated both the mental and physical powers of man to 
such an extent that rapid growth became not only possible 
but apparent. 
Language gives us many clues to progress. We find in 
the languages and dialects of Africa all stages of develop- 
ment, from the lowest imaginable (that spoken perhaps by 
the Nuehrs and Dinka, and possibly also by Tikki-tikki) up 
to the highly systematised Bantu dialects, with their com- 
plicated inflexions and rich vocabularies. There is not 
however, in all Central Africa a written language, although 
we do at times find rough attempts at a picture language, 
