78 
through immersion in alcohol, which changes the green into a 
pale brownish-yellow. Colour is, therefore, a most unreliable 
character to any one not familiar with the living insects, 
although it may be perfectly constant for some species, or vari- 
able with others; the latter is, however, comparatively rare with 
indigenous forms. Killing with chloroform is apt to convert the 
fuscous tints into more or less bright ferruginous shades. Some 
species, again, are naturally of a testaceous colour, especially 
those living among the dry grass during the latter part of the 
very warm and dry summer, acting as a protective gift at a time 
when scarcity of insect-life causes a keen search by insectivorous 
birds. 
One of the causes that so comparatively few of the Phanero- 
pters find their way into collections is that they are extremely 
brittle and delicate when dry, so that they are very apt to arrive 
in a hopelessly fragmentary condition, and impossible to restore 
to respectable appearance, or for safe determination. 
Brunner’s types have been inaccessible, but his descriptions 
and figures are so clear, that the chance of misinterpretation 
does not appear to be very great. The new descriptions have 
been drawn up on the same plan of Brunner’s, and, I hope, 
will recommend themselves to your judgment. In several instances — 
the original descriptions have been slightly departed from, or 
extended by adding some distinctive characters from the specimens 
before me, preferring to extend the genus or species rather than 
to form new ones. 
The abbreviation ‘‘ Br. Mon.,” followed by figures, refers to 
Brunner’s “ Monographie der Phaneropteriden,” Wien, 1878, 
pp. 1-401, published by the K. K. Zool. and Botan. Society of 
Vienna in their Transactions, which has been followed through- 
out, and “ Br. Mon. Add.” to his “ Addimenta” to the same in 
1891 by the same Society (vol. XLI., part 1., pp. 1-196). . 
SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTION. 
Tribe Locustodea. 
Tarsi depressed. Fore tibize provided with foramina. 
This tribe is divided by Brunner into 14 families, of which 
the following is the first in order :— 
FAMILY PHANEROPTERIDA. 
First and second joint of tarsi laterally rounded. Prosternum 
without appendages. Hind tibiz above with an apical spine on 
both sides, below with two spines on each side. | 
The family is subdivided into 43 groups, with 164 genera, most 
of which are illustrated by Brunner by a full figure or details of 
