BY R. M. JOHNSTON, I.S.O., F.S.S. 97 



(C.) DEPENDENTS. 



(a) Maintained directly by bread- 

 winner : — 



Children under 15 years of age 3,650 

 Aged and infirm parents 65 years 



and over 35 



Helpless relatives 65 years and 



over 7 



Ditto ditto, under 65 years 10 



3,702 



(b) Maintained indirectly by bread- 

 winners through the medium of 

 State taxation : — 



Paupers and others 65 years and 



over 29 



Ditto ditto under 65 years 62 



91 



Total dependents upon bread- 

 winners 3,793 



Total persons 10,000 



From the preceding tabular analysis it will be seen that 

 there are only about 42 persons in every 100 who can be 

 regarded as making independent provision at any time for 

 their own maintenance by means of direct industrial ser- 

 vices having an express monetaiy exchange value in the 

 eyes of the economist. 



The members of the houshold who perform the necessary 

 domestic duties, although not receiving any express re- 

 muneration from a monetary point of view, may be also re- 

 garded as self-supporting, as they, by their services within 

 the family, give a value equivalent to breadwinner, al- 

 though not in a money form. 



It will be seen that every 42 breadwinners maintain, on 

 the average, 36 dependent children under the age of 15 

 years, who have up to this age been recipients of the pro- 

 ducts created by the labour of breadwinnei^ in the aggre- 

 gate for the support of the whole population, and who, at 

 this stage, had never contributed anything towards the 

 burden of the State's maintenance. 



In addition, these 42 breadwinners, directly or in- 

 directly, support the equivalent of 0.71 helpless dependent 

 persons over the age of 65 years, and 0.72 dependents under 

 this age, the greater part of whom had been breadwinners, 

 and who for 25 years at least had not only maintained 

 themselves by their own industry, but had on the average 

 taken their fair share — during their own prime and active 



