344 Mr. R. Swinhoe on the Ornithology of Hainan. 



from India. A skin from Java^ sent me by Dr. Sclilegel, and 

 marked C. saularis, with C. mindanensis as a synonym^ is about 

 the same size, but has stronger legs and feet, and dusky tibiae, 

 with black axillaries. Anothei', from Mr. Blyth, from Malacca, 

 marked C. mindanensis, is close to our bird in proportions, but 

 has the black feathers of the axillaries fringed with white, whilst 

 in C. saularis they are pure white. Considering that the true 

 C. saularis extends from India to China unchanged, it strikes 

 me that both the Malacca and Java forms may claim specific 

 distinction. A Hainan male measures — wing 4 inches, tail 

 3-75 ; a female — wing 3-7, tail 3-635. 



— t- 80. CiTTACINCLA MACRURA (Gmcl.), Var. MINOR. 



In the woods of Central Hainan, and in the jungles of the 

 sovii\i, '' Shamas" were often seen and heard, chasing one 

 another about and singing defiantly. There was much sweet- 

 ness and variety in their song. In habits Cittacincla bears the 

 same relation to a Copsychus that a Nightingale does to a Red- 

 breast. I have three males from Hainan ; they agree with a 

 bird from the Tenasserim sent by Mr. Blyth, but are much 

 smaller than the typical Indian bird. They are in length about 

 9*5 in., wing 3*5, longest tail of the three skins 5-8. A Javan 

 specimen from Dr. Schlegel is of the size of our bird, but has a 

 much longer and broader tail. The " Shama" is called in the 

 ' Gazetteer ' " Pih-shay" or " Hundred Tongues '' : — " It begins 

 to sing in spring ; it can roll its tongue in imitation of the 

 sounds of a hundred birds. ^' 



81. Pratincola indica, Rlyth. 



Seen about the fields near Kiungchow city early in February. 



82. RUTICILLA AUROREA (Pall.). 



About the gardens of the capital city in February. 



83? Calamoherpe fumigata, ^winhoe, P. Z. S. 1863, 

 p. 293. 



On the 27th February, on my journey outward, I ran into a 

 wood at the foot of a hill, and was attracted at once by the 

 sweet song of some Warbler hiddeu in the bushes. I watched 

 awhile for him. He flew out and perched for a second on the 



