384 Mr. H. E. Dresser on the Palaarcfic 



I have also before me a specimen obtained by Mr. C. G. 

 Danford at Osmanzeeh, Asia Minor, which has the abdomen 

 strongly tinged with dull rufous brown and is intermediate 

 between the specimen from Palestine and those obtained by 

 Mr. Danford in the Taurus mountains, but the brown on the 

 upper parts extends nearly to the centre of the dorsal region. 



Cinclus kashmiriensis is subject to a good deal of variation, 

 although these variations are but slight. I have been able to 

 examine a considerable series, and find that as a rule the 

 further east one goes the more brown there is on the upper 

 parts. As above stated, in some of the birds from the Taurus 

 range the brown does not extend far below the hind neck, the 

 rest of the upper parts being marked with the characteristic 

 semilunar markings. The type of the species, which is from 

 Kashmir, has the underparts somewhat pale and brownish in 

 tinge, and the brown on the upper parts extends rather far 

 down, the semilunar markings on the rest of the upper parts 

 being rather more indistinct than in most of the specimens I 

 have examined. Examples from Sikkim, Ladakh, Yarkand, 

 and the Yangtze have the lower underparts rather dark, there 

 being an absence of rufous in the tinge of colour, and the 

 flanks are not very grey. But one specimen in Canon Tris- 

 tram's collection, obtained by Col. Prjevalsky in Kan-su, has 

 the underparts very dark, quite as black as in any specimen 

 of C. melanogaster, and there is very little grey on the flanks. 

 The upper parts are also as in C. melanogaster, but the brown 

 goes further down, extending over all tlie interscapulary 

 region. Another specimen, from Transcaspia, a not quite 

 adult bird, as there are a ^ew white tips to the feathers on 

 the abdomen, has a tinge of brownish rufous on the dark 

 portion of the underparts. 



Mr. Salvin states (Ibis, 1867, p. 117) that C. kashmiriensis 

 has the feathers on the lower back black with grey margins, 

 instead of grey with black margins as in C. aquaticus, and has 

 the spurious primary longer than that of any specimens of 

 the European races ; but after a careful comparison of a large 

 series I am unable to confirm these statements. 



In Siberia, more especially in the Baikal district, there are 



