How the San Jose Scale was introduced into Japan. 3 



simmon and orange ; peach, pluiu, gr^ipes and apple were but seldom found 

 cultivated. These fuuit trees are not grown in large orchards as in America, 

 but chiefly in dooryards, little garden patches, yards near farmers' houses, 

 and around the sides of stone walls ; pear and orange however are sometimes 

 cultivated in somewhat extensive orchards. 



Since foreign fruits were introduced, the method of their cultivation has 

 been changed in some respects ; in almost every province or Ken there was 

 established an experimental farm, cultivating foreign fruit trees, cereals and 

 vegetables, mostly of American origin, along with our native ones. From 

 this starting point there have come many private orchards, especially in 

 Hokkaido and the northern part of the empire ; the stock of these orchards 

 was got from a few well known nurseries mentioned elsewhere in this paper. 



IV. How the San Jose Scale was introduced into Japan. 



The female insects are footless creatures, entirely lacking the power of 

 locomotion, and pass their lives on their host plant ; hence if a tree or plant 

 infested by the insects is transplanted, the insects are also transplanted. The 

 trnsport of the plant does not destroy their vitality, unless some special means 

 are taken to detory them ; moreover the insects are very likely to benefit 

 greatly by the transportations, because if they are removed to a new locality, 

 they will probably be free from the natural enemies in the native home. 



It should be remembened, however, that the San Jose Scale as well as 

 other insect foes are not excessively destructive generally under natural con- 

 ditions, and they only become so when the balance of nature is disturbed by 

 some interference. During the last half century, international commerce has 

 developed wonderfully ; and one of the many benefits of this development has 

 been the interchange, among different countries, of plants of all kinds; on 

 the other hand this interchange of plants has led to the dissemination through- 

 out the world of many pestiferous insects. 



The San Jose Scale as well as other injurious insects introduced from 

 foreign countries, as a rule, first become established in the nurseries, as 

 nursery men are chief importers of plants. The contiguous tops of the young 



