88 THE RIBS. [chap. 



the division into true ribs 2iX\di false ribs (by no means good 

 expressions), signifying those that join the sternum directly 

 and those that do not : and of tlie latter, those that are 

 free below are calledy7<w////^ ribs. 



Each primar}^ piece of cartilage, out of wliich one of the 

 half hoops or ribs is developed, is, moreover, divided trans- 

 versely into two portions, which assume different characters, 

 as they usually undergo a different mode of ossification, and 

 remain more or less distinguishable from each other during 

 life. The portion nearest the vertebral column is called 

 the vei'tebral xW:). This is the larger segment, and becomes 

 firmly ossified at an early period by cctostosis ;'' it is the 

 bone commonly spoken of as a "rib." 



The portion towards the sternal extremity or sternal rib 

 is usually imperfectly ossified, and always at first (except 

 in Monotremes) by endostosis.'^ Sometimes it remains per- 

 manently in a cartilaginous state ; but, on the other hand, in 

 some cases it becomes as firmly -ossified as the vertebral 

 ribs. 



The vertebral ribs are variously connected with the 

 sternal ; by continuoas cartilage ; by intercalation of fibrous 

 tracts ; or by synovial joints. 



Occasionally, in the Mammalia, an "intermediate" 

 portion of the rib is segmented oft', as in Reptiles ; this is 

 l)est developed in the Alonotremata (Fig. 43, /r), where, 

 however, it is only partially ossified by cjidostosis. In all 

 other instances in which it occurs it is quite rudimentary. 



The vertebral ribs, when in their most typical condition, 

 have two points of attachment to the vertebra ; the tubercle 



^ The bony deposit commencing at the surrace, and advancing in- 

 wards, as in ordinary long bones. 



^ The bony deposit being irregularly scattered throughout the carti- 

 lage, often beginning near its central part. 



