CHAP. XIX. 



GENERAL CHARACTERS. 



309 



country, and which will be used in the present work, while 

 in the third column some synonyms, occasionally employed, 

 are added. 



Tibiale 

 Intermedium 

 Fibulare 

 Centrale 

 Tar sale I 

 Tar sale 2 

 Tar sale 3 

 Tar sale 4 

 Tar sale 5 



Astragalus 



Calcaneum 

 Navicular 

 Internal Cuneiform 

 Middle Cuneiform 

 External Cuneiform 



Cuboid. 



= Talus. 



— Os calcis. 



~ Scaphoideu77i. 



— Entocuneiforme. 



— Mesocuneiforme. 

 = Ectocuneiforme. 



The bones of the tarsus of Mammals present fewer diver- 

 sities of number and arrangement than those of the carpus. 

 The proximal row (see Fig. IE4) always consists of two 

 bones, the astragalus {a, which according to Gegenbaur's 

 view represents the coalesced scaphoid and lunar of the 

 hand) and the calcaiieum {c). The former is placed more 

 to the dorsal side of the foot than the latter, and almost 

 exclusively furnishes the tarsal part of the tibio-tarsal or 

 ankle-joint. It has a rounded anterior or distal projection 

 called the "head." The calcaneum, placed more to the 

 ventral or " plantar " side of the foot, is elongated back- 

 wards to form a more or less prominent tuberosity, the tuber 

 calcis, to which the tendon of the great extensor muscles of 

 the foot is attached. The navicular bone («) is interposed 

 between the proximal and distal row on the inner, or tibial, 

 side of the foot, but on the outer side the bones of the two 

 rows come into contact. The distal row, when complete, 

 consists of four bones, which, beginning on the inner side, 

 are the three cuneiform bones, internal (t^), middle (^-), and 

 external (^), articulated to the distal surface of the navicular, 

 and the cuboid {cb) articulated with the calcaneum. Of these 

 the middle cuneiform is usually the smallest in animals in 



