90 NEW PUBLICATIONS. 
don streets by beggars of the most abject description, and about the 
trade of which some statistics are available. If the book was worth a 
longer notice in a Journal like ours, we might go right through its 
pages, offering hints and suggestions; but we must pause, hoping that 
the author, before he comes again before the public, will more profit- 
ably cultivate a field for which he evidently has a fancy. 
A Monograph of the British Cladonie. By W.Mudd. 1 vol. quarto, 
36 pp- with fasciculus of dried specimens of 80 species and 
varietie 
hat Rubus is to the student of British flowering plants, Cladonia 
is to the lichenist, with the added intricacy which results from the dif- 
ferent appearances assumed by the same plant in diferent stages of 
growth. As our author writes, “The genus is well defined, and its 
limits easily determined, (he includes under the name, it should be ob- 
served, like most modern writers, Scyphophorus and Pycnothelia of the 
British flora,) but by far the greater portion of its species are doubtful 
and unsatisfactory. They have such a strong tendency to break up 
into endless varieties or forms, that the student is often puzzled to 
know which are to be regarded as types of species and which as de- 
generations. Such genera furnish a fitting task for the monographers. 
General botanists have usually their hands too full to unravel their 
intricacies ; and as it has been with most other genera of this kind, so 
it has been with Cladonia. There has been an extremely wide diver- 
gence in regard to the limitation of the book-species. Some, like 
Scopoli and Hudson, have cut the Gordian knot by referring all the 
varied forms of Cup-mosses to a single species. Both here and in his 
Manual, Mr. Mudd has steered a middle course between the opposite 
extremes. For Britain, exclusive of the ambiguous Cladonia vermicu- 
laris of Swartz, he recognizes and describes fourteen specific types, 
viz. :—1. endiviefolia ; 2. cervicornis; 3. coralloidea ; ^. cariosa ; 5. 
pyvidata ; 6. gracilis; 1. degenerans ; 8. squamosa; 9. furcata; 10. 
rangiferina ; 11. stellata ; 12. amaurocrea ; 13. coccifera; 14. Papil- 
laria; and under these he groups 143 described varieties, or, as 
most of them would perhaps better be designated, states of develop- 
ment. The example of illustrating the genus by special fasciculi of 
specimens, has been set upon the Continent by the Abbé Coemans and 
Professor Anzi, who have lately issued beautifully-prepared sets of the 
