126 NEW PUBLICATIONS. 
tensive examination, conducted with great care and accuracy, into the 
organization of the reproductive apparatus of the Verrucarie. The 
conclusion to which that research has conducted, is this :— That the 
spermatigerous apparatus or the supposed male organs, are contained 
either in separate conceptacles, termed spermogonia, or are enclosed in 
the apothecium, together with the asci and spores, when they are termed 
spermatocalia. That when the species possess spermogonia, then the 
apothecium contains paraphyses distinctly visible, together with the 
asci and the enclosed spores, and may be termed diclinous. But that 
when the apothecium is destitute of distinct paraphyses, the sperma- 
tigerons apparatus or spermatocalia hangs like a fringe from the upper 
portion of the interior of the apothecium over the asci and spores, which 
occupy the lower portion of the interior, and may be termed hermaphro- 
dile ; and that all the saxicolar species, whether with unilocular, 
bilocular, quadrilocular, and multilocular or muriform spores, are des- 
titute of distinct paraphyses, and consequently hermaphrodite : whilst 
the corticolar species possess paraphyses, and are all diclinous. 
This interesting and ingenious discovery, Professor Garovaglio has 
made the basis of his arrangement of the Verrucaria, in his ‘ Tentamen.’ 
He has taken a media via in his system, avoiding on the one hand the 
innumerable genera of the Massalongian school, and, on the other, not 
implicitly following the comprehensive or aggregate one, of which the 
celebrated Dr. Wm. Nylander is the acknowledged princeps. He ex- 
. eludes from his genus Verrucaria, all those species having a foliaceous - 
or squamose thallus, such as ' Gagedia, Fries, Endocarpon, Ach., ete., 
and limits it to those species which possess a crustaceous thallus. 
Thus limited, his genus comprehends no less than thirty-five genera, 
and more than two hundred species of the Massalongian lichenists. 
. His own words will best explain the principles of his labours:— 
1. In Verrucarie genere omnes comprehendi lichenes angiocarpos 
nucleo simplici et homogeneo, epithecio plerumque ad instar carbonis 
nigricante, przeterea thallo crustoso instructos. 
2. Maximi habito loculoram numero, unde spora constat, in quatuor 
eomm sectiones genus omme partitus sum, videlicet, uniloculares, 
s : , quadriloculares cum quatuor ad octo loculos, una serie 
e ad lineam — mcos pluriloeulares tessellatas cum loculis 
. eollateralibus conglomerati 
ia ee defections, masculorum organorum con-— 
