196 INTERNATIONAL BOTANICAL CONGRESS. 
trial with infinite pains. If successful, the young plants are submitted 
to the less careful treatment of agriculture. Before the happy intro- 
duction of Cinchonas into British and Dutch India could be effected, 
botanists were required to collect, distinguish, and carefully describe 
the various species of American Cinchonas ; horticulturists were then 
called on to make cuttings, gather the seeds, raise the young plants, 
transport and establish them in another part of the world; and so at 
last they were passed over to the care of the agriculturists. The 
Coffee-plant did not spread gradually from Arabia to India, from India 
to Java; nor was it the American colonists who brought it from its 
original country to their fazendas or haciendas. The shrub was first 
described by botanists, and was afterwards introduced by the Dutch 
into a garden at Batavia; from thence it was taken to the Botanical 
Garden at Amsterdam, from whence a specimen was sent to the King 
of France in 1714. De Clieu, a naval officer, transplanted it from the 
garden at Paris to the French colonies in America. A multitude of 
such instances might be named. In the present day science has pro- 
gressed, practical men avail themselves of it, governments and nations 
have abandoned those mistaken ideas in accordance with which it was 
supposed that a cultivation advantageous to one country was injurious 
to others. Hence we may hope to see, before long, useful species 
planted in all regions where they can thrive, to the great advantage of 
mankind in genera 
One of the most eue effects of science has been to create in the 
horticultural publie a taste for varied and rare forms. Formerly in 
gardens there were only to be found certain kinds of plants whieh 
dated back to the time of the Crusades, or even of the Romans. The 
discovery of the New World did not produce a change in proportion to 
its importance ; perhaps because horticulturists did not travel enongh, 
or aequaint themselves with those countries whose species were most 
suitable for cultivation in Europe. Botanists, fortunately, were more 
ambitious. Their collectors were numerous and daring. They en- 
riched their herbaria with an infinitude of new forms, and published 
works upon exotie plants, such as those of Hernandez, Rumphius, 
Sloane, ete. The immense variety in the forms of plants was thence- 
forth recognised, and in point of taste the elegant simplicity of the 
primitive flowers was able to vie with the gaudiness of the double ones. 
Then ceased the reign of Tulips and Pzonies in flower-gardens. 
