200 INTERNATIONAL BOTANICAL CONURESS. 
tion of the Branches of Woody Plants caused by Low Degrees of 
Temperature." 
The author, in this paper, gave with much leuis rad fe result of his ob- 
servations on the motion observed in the branches of trees in frosty weather. 
e showed that there is in Mister a movement of the Té to the left-hand 
eds the amount of which is in direct a to we intensity of the frost. 
2nd » There is in Basti case in additi ion | to the late cede vertical one 
ve downwards. Eie i of the frost. 3r 
In oils cases he. pola tir motion takes place in the pie pe ction; tha 
is, the branches move upwards as soon as frost sets in, and rise Ap ges ae 
to the severity of the cold: e.g. Acer Negundo, un 4th In other woody 
bserved to ris 
severe frost: e. g. /Esculus DU uim, etc. 
Mr. J. E. Howarp, London.—* Observations on the Present State 
of our Knowledge of the Species of Chinchona.” 
“The pgi cause of the confusion in our knowledge of the ARAE has 
been the ncy to spinati suina a full mnki with the details. 
entirely diis in all the so-called typical forms, and in all the toupi 
ify a 
era. 
genus, whether as Cinchona or as Chinchona; also to the name of an allied genus, 
whether as Cascarilla or as Ladenbergia. Nothing would tend so well to settle 
ese questions as the fr of opinion at a Botanical Congress. 
would also point attention to the necessity ud consideri ring some as markedly 
distinet forms rather than as mere varieties having oe until all ends 
in confusion. If this be admitted ed, the Chinchona Pitayens 
. erythro 
Lon] 
ea, a en . 
confine the name Chinchona Condaminea to the real Quin. va (if the 
having cured the Countess of Chinchon entitles it va = "appellation abolish- 
ing Pavon's name Chahuarguera. av uce into 
practical use Karsten’s varieties of C. lancifolia ; roses o sar ti gowns 
d Alm ast self 
to suggest. The varieties of Chinchona Calis isaya I do not venture to do more 
than allude to, as I hope Dr. Weddell may further elucidate this subject. In 
conclusion, I will express my opinion that every well-defined region of the 
Andes has its own prevalent and characteristic Chi inchonas, which are dogs 
of being reduced to "a one typical form ; a I believe that species 
roved to prevail unchan nged from end to end of the oy earms 
naceous — and I think that the plants which resemble each other in dis- 
tant parte vill be — Me ogous rather than identical." 
- Howard illustrated his paper by numerous specimens of barks, dried 
specimens. of , plants rom in India, and in the discussion which followed he 
said tha e from the bark of C. officinalis, 
shieh he cultivated in his own stove, and qmd very nearly as much quinine 
m is onc by lese of the same age in its native country. This is probably 
the t quinine bsi bar in Europe. 
of the loyed by Linnzus; and at the meeting of 
5 m 
pur pou Poitiers, advocated the propriety of adhering to the spelling 
gress on the maso day, Mr. Howard gave in his adherence to this view. 
