NEW PUBLICATIONS. 379 
have clear (and perhaps the first direct) demonstration that the orchi- 
deous type of flower has two stamineal verticils, as Brown always in- 
sisted.— From the American Journal of Science, alii. July, 1866. 
NEW PUBLICATIONS. 
A New Arrangement of Phanerogamous Plants, with especial reference 
to Relative Position, including their Relations with the Cryptogams. 
By BENJAMIN CLARKE, F.L.S. and M.R.C.S. London : sold by the 
Author, 2, Mount Vernon, Hampstead. 1866. Oblong folio, pp. 56. 
This volume is the result of many years’ study, and the examination 
of a large series of specimens ; and although we cannot always, perhaps 
-not even often, agree with the author in his conclusions, and in the 
novel groupings of the Natural Orders which he proposes, we must 
yet give him credit for having performed good service to botanical 
science, and having made observations and hinted at affinities that will 
be suggestive to future systematists. The purpose of the author is to 
discover affinities in plants irrespective of the absence or structure. of 
the floral envelope, and of the relation of the stamens and pistil to it. 
These points, which are held of so much value in systematic botany, 
he considers of little importance, except in the Epigynous division of 
the Exogens, and he holds this structure to be so important here that 
he completely detaches the Epigynous families as a distinct division of 
the class Exogens, his conviction being “that the Epigynous division 
will prove to be as really distinct from the great mass of Exogens as 
the Endogens are from Exogens.” 
In drawing out his * New Arrangement,” he starts with the belief 
that the Monopetale afford peculiar facilities, and no real difficulties, 
for arranging them according to their natural affinities ; and having de- 
termined what that arrangement is with regard to them, he places the 
different sections of the Polypetal beside those Monopetalous families, 
of which he considers them to be the Polypetalous representatives ; 
and then the Apetale are also fitted in as Apetalous representatives. 
Descending to the Cryptogamia, Mr. Clarke finds affinities among the 
higher members of this division of the vegetable kingdom sufficient to 
warrant his placing them in one of the groups he has established. He 
