ON THE PRESENT USE OF LICHENS AS DYE-STUFES. 108 
authorities by whom they were made,—that for a time I tacitly accepted 
and acquiesced in their conclusions, and took it for granted, that both 
the commercial and domestic use of Lichens as dye-stuffs in England 
and Scotland,—that Orchill and Cudbear, ‘‘ Orchella weeds? and 
** Crottles,"— would speedily be things of the past. But in the course 
of collecting materials for a work on British Lichenology, which I have 
in preparation, —more especially for the chapters on the tinctorial ap- 
plications of Lichens,—I have in and subsequent to 1862 found, to 
my surprise, that there exists abundant evidence of a long future of 
usefulness for Lichen-dye-stuffs in this and other countries, both in 
commerce or manufacture on the large scale, and in the domestic arts 
on the small scale. In regard to their use in commerce, I am indebted : 
mainly to visits to the International Exhibition of 1862, and to the 
Orchill manufactory of Messrs. Burton and Garraway, of Bethnal 
Green, London, in 1865, for the satisfactory evidence I have accumu- 
lated. But I have also gathered important corroborative information 
from the Jurors’ Reports of the said Exhibition; from the papers read 
at previous meetings of this Association by Mr. Bedford, or other 
authorities engaged professionally in the manufacture of Lichen-dyes ; 
and from other publieations of similar character. 
The general results of all my observation and inquiry include the 
following :— 
l. That French colourists especially have devised new processes for 
insuring permanence of lichen- dyes, whereby they can quite compete, in 
this respect, with the aniline colours. 
at new forms of Lichen-dyes have been patented, especially 
combinations of Orchill liquor, or its pene with alkalies, or earths, 
in the form of Lakes. 
3. That, while the older Dye-lichens have gradually been given up, 
new and more valuable tinctorial genera or species have been intro- 
— 
4. That new markets have been opened up, new commercial sources 
fas out, with the progress of Pompe discovery and of colon- 
izing settlements. 
5. That the only visible effect of competition with other dye-stuffs 
has been greatly to reduce the market value of the “Orchella 
weeds." 
6. That, so far from being superseded, the import of Dye-lichens and 
