Birds of the Caucasus. 3 



VULTUR rULVUS. 



The Griffon Vulture is very common above the limit of 

 forest-growth, and is also frequently seen in the plains at all 

 seasons of the year, generally in flocks. 



VuLTUR PERCNOPTERUS. 



The Egyptian Vulture is more solitary in its habits, but 

 is not less common and is more generally distributed than the 

 preceding species, extending its flight in search of food to a 

 great distance from the mountains where it breeds. 



Haliaetus albicilla. 



The White-tailed Eagle is very common in the plains, but 

 does not visit the mountains. In winter their numbers are 

 increased by migrants from the north. 



Haliaetus leucoryphus. 



Pallas's Sea-Eagle was once seen by Bogdanow at the end 

 of September in the delta of the Terek. 



Pandion haliaetus. 



The Osprey breeds in the valleys of the Terek, Kuban, 

 Rion, Kur, and Arax, but is supposed to migrate south- 

 wards in winter. 



Aquila chrysaetus. 



The Golden Eagle is said to be only an occasional winter 

 visitor to the Caucasus ; but Nordmann describes it as com- 

 mon in the west. 



Aquila imperialis. 



The Imperial Eagle breeds in the forests, in the plains, in 

 the valley of the Terek, Kuban, Arax, &c. It is not known 

 to winter there. 



Aquila orientalis. 



The Steppe-Eagle breeds on the steppes near the Terek 

 river and in the government of Stavropolsk. On the 1st of 

 September Bogdanow saw a flock of more than 300 of this 

 species on migration. 



Aquila clanga. 



The Larger Spotted Eagle breeds in the mountain- valleys 

 of the northern slopes of the Caucasus. 



