Birds of the Caucasus. 25 



daries is more developed, and the white on the innermost 

 secondaries is as much developed as in P. luciani. It is 

 probably only subspecifically distinct from P. major, as the 

 Sakhalin bird is somewhat intermediate. 



In Turkestan P. leiicopterus occurs, in which the white on 

 the wing is very much developed, and the white on the tail 

 very little so. This species appears to be connected by a 

 series of intermediate forms with P. syriacus, which Tristram 

 and Newton have mistaken for intermediate forms between 

 P. major and P. syriacus, and which Severtzow has named 

 P. leptoi'hynchus. P. leucopterus and P. syriacus and all their 

 intermediate forms, however, may always be distinguished 

 from P. major and P. cissa and all their intermediate forms 

 by the small amount of white on the wing and the large 

 amount of white on the tail of the latter. 



PiCUS MINOR. 



The Lesser Spotted Woodpecker is said to be rare in the 

 Caucasus. 



COLUMBA PALUMBUS. 



The Ring-Dove is a resident in the forests of the Caucasus 

 below the pine-region ; and in winter tbeir numbers are largely 

 increased by migrants from the north. 



CoLUMBA LIVIA. 



The Rock-Dove is very common in the Caucasus ; occa- 

 sionally found breeding in great numbers in the caves. 



CoLUMBA CENAS. 



The Stock-Dove is a common resident in the Caucasus. 



TURTUR AURITUS. 



The Turtle. Dove is common in the Caucasus below the 

 pine-region. 



Pterocles alchata. 



The Pin-tailed Sand-Grouse is said to be an accidental 

 visitor to the Caucasus from the steppes of Turkestan, which 

 appears to be the western limit of its breeding-range. Evers- 

 mann-'s statement that it breeds in the Kirghiz steppes 

 (J.f. O. 1853, p. 292, which is quoted by Dresser, doubtless 



