Birds of the Caucasus. 35 



FULIGULA CLANGULA. 



The Golden-eye is very common in the valleys of the Terek 

 and the Konban, and winters on the southern shores of the 

 Caspian. 



FULIGULA GLACIALIS. 



The Long-tailed Duck winters on the southern shores of 

 the Caspian. 



CEdemia fusca. 



The Velvet Scoter is said to winter in the Caspian. 



OEdemia nigra. 



The Scoter is said to winter in the Caspian. 



Erismatura mersa. 



The White-headed Duck is a resident in the Caucasus. 



Mergus merganser. 



The Goosander passes the Caucasus on migration, and 

 winters on the shores of the Black Sea. 



Mergus serrator. 



The Eed-breasted Merganser passes through the Caucasus 

 on the autumn migration. 



Mergus albellus. 



The Smew winters in the Caucasus, but is not common. 



CoLYMBUS SEPTENTRIONALIS. 



The Red-throated Diver winters in large numbers on the 

 southern shores of the Caspian. 



CoLYMBUS ARCTICUS. 



The Black-throated Diver also winters in large numbers 

 on the southern shores of the Caspian. 



PODICEPS CRISTATUS. 



The Great Crested Grebe is a resident in th^ plains of the 

 Caucasus. 



PODICEPS RUFICOLLIS. 



The Red-necked Grebe breeds in great numbers in the 

 valleys of the Terek and the Kuban. 



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