1893.] MICKOSCOPICAL JOURNAL. 3 



intelligence we can see very readily ; it is at least endowed with 

 senses of sight, touch, taste, smell, and probably hearing, and can 

 readily judge the distance of a pursuer and take refuge in flight. 

 It may be, in addition, furnished with even higher faculties, though 

 there is less to indicate it in their cases than in the cases of the 

 ants, bees, and wasps, which have a very similar nervous organi- 

 zation. The organs and system thus far considered have refer- 

 ence to the individual life and well-being of the grasshopper ; 

 powers of intelligence and movement enable him to find food and 

 escape capture; powers of digestion, circulation, etc. , keep his 

 body healthy and vigorous, and enable the nervous and muscular 

 actions to take place. But the winter frost kills ofl' innumera- 

 ble hosts of grasshoppers, to be followed in the following spring 

 by a new brood of progeny, and this action has no reference to 

 the individual, but is a benefit only to the race (of grasshoppers) . 



7. The reproduciive system is composed of organs which 

 play their part in producing offspring. They are of two kinds, 

 male and female organs, and borne in separate grasshoppers, 

 which are recognized as male or female by the character of the 

 tip of the abdomen, as described above. The chief organ in the 

 female is the large ovary (Fig. 5), lying above the intestine in the 

 anterior abdominal somites. It is composed of many tubes (Fig. 

 6) , all connected with one final tube, the oviduct. The ovarial 

 tubes contain ova^ or eggs, in various stages of developement ; the 

 oldest and most mature ones, being nearest the oviduct, pass down 

 it and out into the soil, where they are deposited by the mother. 

 The male specimens, in place of the ovary, have an organ, the 

 sperfnary^ whose tubes communicate with a single out-going 

 duct, the opermatic duct. The spermary secretes or forms a 

 fluid, the spermatic fluid, which contains microscopic, very ac- 

 tive bodies of oval shape and furnished with a vibratile thread, 

 whose motion moves the oval body. They are called spermatozoa 

 (Fig. 7)- When the grasshoppers have mated or paired, a portion 

 of the spermatic fluid is left in the oviduct, and as the eggs de- 

 scend to be laid they are moistened or fertilized by the spermatic 

 fluid. The eggs are deposited in the ground, in cavities made by 

 the tip of the abdomen, and there they develop, and eventually 

 young grasshoppers (Fig. 9) grow from them, which feed, enlarge, 

 acquire wings, and finally in their turn live the life of adults, 

 and finally reproduce their kind and die. 



This account of the grasshopper is far from being a complete 

 account of that animal, but it is complete enough to indicate some 

 of the points of view which are taken in the zoological study of 

 an animal. There is a popular study of animals which touches 

 chiefly upon remarkable and striking facts about animals, but is 

 often very superficial and fragmentary ; and there is an economic 

 study which is directed chiefly to the beneficial or injurious as- 

 pects of animal life ; but neither of these, as such, is strictly scien- 

 tific zoology, though legitimate enough in their spheres. But 



