1896.] MICROSCOPICAL JOURNAL. 423 



a row of basalia to which the fin-rays are articulated. 

 The "pelvic Imib, presents: two thin bones, Vae pelvic portion, 

 and the ^7^-?■a?/6■ directly articulated to them. (In some 

 of the teleosts, e. g., the perch, the pelvic limbs are located 

 actually anterior to the pectoral limbs though they are 

 homologous with the hind limbs of the higher verte- 

 brates). 



[15. The Skeleton of the Skull, — is too difficult for 

 a beginner who is limited as to time, the bones being so 

 loosely articulated and so many of them incompletely 

 ossified. One who attempts the problem should use a 

 large skull well cooked; for detailed directions a fuller 

 treatise must be consulted. The bones of the skull in the 

 telosts generally are directly comparable with those in 

 the head of all higher vertebrates, this might be expected, 

 since the head in other respects is thus comparable. Be- 

 ginning with the lower jaw we find the dentary in front 

 and the articular behind articulating with the rest of the 

 skull. In the upper jaw there are the j^f'^-fnaxillary in 

 front and the maxillary behind it. The hinder part of 

 the face is formed by the operculum, which consists of 

 four separate bones. Removing these and attacking the 

 bones in the floor of the mouth we find in the centre the 

 hyoid, which, running back, articulates with a central basi- 

 bra7ichial, from which the bones of the gill-arches pass, 

 as follows: hypo-branchial, cerato-branchials, epi-branch- 

 ials; these latter articulate in the roof of the mouth 

 with the superior pharyngeals. In the centre of the roof 

 of the mouth underlying the cranium in the para-sphe7ioid- 

 This articulates behind with a ring of bone (surrounding 

 the foramen magnum) which in the higher vertebrates 

 forms the single occipital bone, viz: the basi-occipital be- 

 low, the supra-occipital above and the ex-occipitals be- 

 tween them. The roof of the skull is further covered in 

 front with the parietal; this runs forward from the supra- 



