1897J MICROSCOPICAL JOURNAL. 23 



Dissecting ia the same way the hind limb, determine 

 its various bones. There is a pelvic girdle attaching the 

 limb to the body ; this is directly articulated with the 

 spinal column, the i)ointoi' attachment being on the sides 

 of the sacrum. There is a cavity acetabulum .into 

 which the upper limb bone of the leg fastens, formed by 

 three bones passing : one dorsally i\\e ilium: a second 

 ventrally and in front, the pubis ; and a third ventrally 

 and behind the ischium ; all three meet in the acetabulum. 

 The two ventral bones meet in the raid- ventral line and 

 compose an arch, the pubie arch, between which and the 

 back-bone the rectum and the uro-genital organs pass to 

 reach the cloaca. 



The femur \h the single bone of the upper limb l/iig/i. In 

 the cr us there are two bones, tibia and^bula; they are of 

 the same size; the outer is the fibula; there are /t/e' digits, 

 locate and count their boue.?; examine the tarsus, it has 

 the same composition as the carpus, i. e. a proximal row, 

 iibiale , inter medium and_/?<^«/a?v, centraleand distal tarsalia 

 1, 2, 3,4, and; 5. , , i . 



15. : The Bones OF the; SkuLL.-TheskuUof the salaman- 

 der is somewhat small for study of the bones and that of 

 a large frog is much the sanie and should be used in its 

 €tead if obtainable. The brain case is enclosed bfelow 

 by cartilage, sphen-ethmoid, which in the higher verte- 

 brates ossifies in two parts: the phenoid hone behind 

 and the ethmoid hou.e in front. Dorsally, the brain is 

 covered by the frontal bones in front and the parietal 

 bones behind. Below the sphen-ethmoid cartilage is a 

 dagger shaped para-sphenoid bone (not found where the 

 sphenoid and ethmoid are ossified). At the hinder end 

 of the brain-case the nervous tissue emerges through an 

 opening the foramen-magnum \ this is the occipital region 

 of the skull but remains cartilaginous in amphibia except 

 where it articulates with the spinal column, here bones 



