V ° 1 'l9n V ' 111 ] Craig, Emotion in the Mourning Dove. 399 



A complete account of the expressions of emotion in any bird 

 must contain both a descriptive and a narrative presentation. 

 The present paper accordingly will be divided into two parts, the 

 first descriptive and the second narrative, thus: A. The Forms 

 of Expression; B. The Life-History of Expression. 



A. The Forms of Expression. 



General Bearing. The general bearing of a bird, even when it 

 is standing still or slowly walking, may be as specific as its song or 

 its call-note. This is particularly true of the Passenger Pigeon, 

 as we shall show in the next article in some detail, one of these 

 details being the specific way in which the Passenger Pigeon nods 

 its head. Many pigeons nod their heads in a manner character- 

 istic of the species; some species are characterized by the fact 

 that they do not nod at all. The Mourning Dove nods in a way 

 which is similar to that of several of the smaller species: its nod 

 consists of, first, a quick throw of the head obliquely back and up; 

 secondly, as the head comes down again, the tail goes up, up to a 

 very considerable height; lastly, the tail sinks slowly to its normal 

 level and remains so until the next nod. We shall see that the 

 Passenger Pigeon nods in a very different style. 



When the Mourning Dove is flying, as is well known, the swish 

 of its wings through the air has a clear, loud, musical tone. So 

 far as I know, this whistling of the wings, unlike the nod just 

 described, is not at all under the control of the bird and is not 

 expressive of any psychic state. 



Enmity. I have not had opportunity to observe Mourning- 

 Doves fighting. It may be presumed that their fighting is like 

 that of the majority of pigeons. Hence, I shall postpone the dis- 

 cussion of enmity until we take up the Passenger Pigeon, and 

 shall then give a careful account of it. 



Fear (Defensive). The expression of fear that is seen in all 

 brooding birds, and also in all young fledglings — the erected 

 feathers, glaring eye, snapping bill, and low hiss — is exhibited 

 by the Mourning Dove with the usual intensity. The details 

 are so familiar to bird-lovers that a description of them in this 

 article is unnecessary. 



