414 Craig, Emotion in the Passenger Pigeon. [bet. 



also an alarm-note resembling that of the other species, but of 

 this I have no record. 



The Charge. I believe, but am not certain, that the charge, as 

 described for the Ring-Dove and Mourning Dove (Expressions in 

 Pigeons, I, p. 42, and fig. 2; II, p. 400) is not represented in Ecto- 

 pistes at all. This much is certain, that Ectopistes was more 

 awkward on the ground than are most pigeons, and if it charged 

 or strutted in any manner it did not indulge this habit so much as 

 most pigeons do. 



The Kah and the Coo in general. The cries of the Passenger 

 Pigeon which seem to represent the kah and the coo of other 

 species, are identified with those rather by the circumstances 

 under which they are given than by the character of the cry itself, 

 so far have they diverged from the usual type. Some of these 

 cries, the homology of which is uncertain, had better be described 

 under names invented for Ectopistes alone rather than under 

 those names which apply to the Columbidre in general. The terms 

 used will be the following: 1. The copulation-note; 2. The 

 keck (a name not used for the note of any other species); 3. 

 Scolding, chattering, clucking (these names also peculiar to the 

 species); 4. The vestigial coo or keeho; 5. The nest-call. 



The Copulation-note. This note is essentially the same as in 

 the Mourning Dove, and will be described in the course of the 

 life-history (p. 421). 



The Keek. This word is an imitation of the cry for which it 

 stands. The first 1c, however, should be aspirated like the German 

 ch, to represent the unmusical quality of the cry. The sound is 

 loud, sometimes very loud, harsh, and rather high-pitched (b above 

 the treble staff) so far as it can be said to have any pitch at all. 

 It is generally given singly, but sometimes two or more in succes- 

 sion with but short pause between. It is quite unlike any sound 

 I have heard from other species of pigeons. In its use it is, as it 

 were, a loud shout, which commands attention and tends to over- 

 power the bird at which it is directed. It is used both to over- 

 power the female and to overpower an enemy. Hence it would 

 seem to correspond to that expression of the Ring-Dove which 

 I have named the kah-of-excitement (Expressions in Pigeons. I, 

 p. 40). The keck resembles the kah-of-excitement also in that 

 it is often followed immediately by other notes, such as the coo. 



