VOl 'i9n YI11 ] Craig, Emotion in the Passenger Pigeon. 419 



only. 1 In this species, as in all other pigeons, the female is com- 

 paratively a very quiet bird. The following few notes (notations 

 Nos, 28-31) are all I have on the voice of the female. 



No. 28. No. 29. No. 30. No. 31. 



m f 



-?= 



nzzhm=m- 



^=gEBflt^ =fe=g=E= £ EB£ 



krk krk krk krk krk krk krk krk 



No. 28, not loud, a clucking sound. Given on alighting on perch among 

 Band-tailed Pigeons who drove her off. 



No. 29, similar to the preceding. Given in striking at a dove and driving 

 it off perch. 



No. 30, an almost toneless croak. Uttered at a male whom she wished 

 to drive off. Once heard a male give a very similar note toward a female. 



No. 31, an almost toneless croaking sound, like the rolling of an r in 

 one's throat. Uttered at another bird in quarrelling over food. Repeated 

 several times. Another day I heard the same utterance given under the 

 same conditions, but 6 notes instead of 5, and a considerable resonant 

 tone with the hoarseness, being mf. 



Once I heard a female give, at the end of a series of clucks, in 

 the nest, a feeble counterpart of the male's keeho. 



B. The Expressional Life-History. 



The life-histories of all pigeons are very much alike; that of the 

 Passenger Pigeon is in general, and even in most of its details, a 

 counterpart of the life-history of the Ring-Dove or the Mourning 

 Dove, as described in the two preceding papers of this series. How- 

 ever, there are many details in the life of Ectopistes which are not 

 found in any other pigeon, and if we had known the species more 

 fully we should probably have found many peculiarities of habit 

 which are now not known at all. I am by no means able to give 

 a complete life-history of the species, but I shall give all my ob- 

 servations on the uses of the various cries and gestures in the mating 

 and general social life of the species. 



The wooing of the Passenger Pigeon is very different from that 

 of most other species. There is no bowing as in the Turtles, Ring- 

 Doves, etc., no strutting as in the Domestic Pigeon, and I doubt 

 whether the charge was practised as in the Ring-Doves and Mourn- 



1 Except musical score No. 1, which I suspect may have been recorded from a 

 female. 



