420 Craig, Emotion in the Passenger Pigeon. [bet. 



ing Dove. The male Passenger Pigeon, when displaying near the 

 female, used the heck, often accompanied by a single sweep of the 

 wings, also the loud chattering notes and the soft kceho, and some- 

 times the grand wing exercise (p. 410). 



"Once when male was caressing female [on a day of copulation] and she 

 flew away from him to next perch, he looked at her, fighting attitude, 

 and gave call No. 10 (p. 416), flapping his wings at her." 



When close beside the female, the male Ectopistes had a way all 

 his own of sidling up to her on the perch, pressing hard upon her, 

 sometimes putting his neck over her neck, "hugging" her, as Pro- 

 fessor Whitman expressed it. 



"July 18. Male presses over on perch against female, gives keck twice 

 without raising wings, then preens inside wing [a sign of eros]." 



"July 31, 1903. A male is following a female about. Whenever he 

 alights beside her he presses close to her, head held as high as possible and 

 directed toward her. She moves off each time and he sidles along and 

 presses her again and again. This very characteristic of the Passenger 

 Pigeon." 



Cn' No. 11 (p. 416) was "given to mate, after several kecks and light, 

 swift taps with the wings. The performance looked like fighting, but 

 it was not. The birds sharply and roughly preened each other." 



Cry No. 14 (p. 416). "Male alights beside female [on a day of copula- 

 tion], presses so close as to make her move several steps along the perch, 

 and as he does so gives cry No. 14." 



When the female becomes amorous, instead of edging away 

 from the male when he sidles up to her, she reciprocates in the 

 "hugging," pressing upon the male in somewhat the same manner 

 that he presses upon her. These peculiarities make it far more 

 difficult for the breeder to cross the Passenger Pigeon with other 

 species than it is to cross many of these other species inter se. 

 Thus, one of Professor Whitman's attempts to mate a female 

 Passenger Pigeon with a male homer (Columba livia var.) failed 

 because when the female had been played up to until she was 

 amorous she began to reciprocate by sidling up to the male, wanting 

 to press him and hug him, he took this for just so much pugnacity 

 every time, and edged off, with the result that they never mated. 

 In general the Passenger Pigeons are very rough in their caressing. 

 When a male Passenger is mated with a female Ring-Dove, instead 



