426 Craig, Emotion in the Passenger Pigeon. [oct^ 



Summary of Peculiarities of the Species. 



It has been shown in this paper that the Passenger Pigeon was 

 as peculiar in voice and gesture and social life as it was in its habits 

 of nocking and migrating. Even its attitude and movements when 

 standing on a perch, were highly characteristic of the species, 

 seeming to be correlated with its high adaptability for flight. It 

 was comparatively awkward on the ground, and hence was less 

 given to strutting and charging than are other pigeons. On the 

 other hand, it indulged in a grand wing exercise all its own. 1 Its 

 voice was loud and strident, the hard notes being predominant 

 and the musical notes somewhat degenerated, this being probably 

 the result of its living and breeding in colonies so populous that 

 only the loudest sounds could be heard. It was a bluffer in fight, 

 quarrelling much, but having neither much power to hurt the 

 enemy nor much bravery in withstanding his attacks. It suffered 

 intruding pigeons to approach its nest as few other species would 

 do. Its manner of courting was distinctive, characterized by much 

 physical contact and roughness; the gentle ceremony of billing 

 was reduced to a brief, quick contact. All these peculiarities 

 seem to hang together, making a consistent character. And all 

 seem connected, directly or indirectly, with the extreme gregarious- 

 ness, the breeding in vast colonies. 



References. 



Audubon, J. J. Birds of America, Vol. I, pi. lxii. 



Ornithological Biography. Edinburgh, 1831-39, Vol. I, 



pp. 319-327. 

 Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway. 1905. (1874). North American Land 



Birds. Boston. Vol. III. 

 Bendire, Charles. 1892. Life Histories of North American Birds. 



Washington, Smithsonian Institution. (Part I.) 

 Brewster, William. 1889. On the present status of the Wild Pigeon, etc. 



The Auk, Vol. VI, pp. 285-291. (Quoted in Bendire and in Mershon.) 

 Craig, Wallace. 1909. The Expressions of Emotion in the Pigeons. 



I. The Blond Ring-Dove (Turlur risorius). Journ. Comp. Neurol. 



and Psychol, Vol. XIX, 1909, pp. 29-80, one pi. 



1 But see note added to p. 410. 



