524 Wright, Morning Awakening and Even-song. Loct" 



season's records to be somewhat later, and Purple Finch and 

 Goldfinch later still. Black-billed Cuckoo and Scarlet Tanager 

 also rank among these. The two resident vireos with all the 

 warblers voice themselves after the flycatchers, the sparrows, the 

 swallows, and the thrushes, except Maryland Yellow-throat and 

 the Oven-bird in its early flight songs. The warblers awake in 

 quick succession when their time arrives, which is not until 

 twenty-six and thirty-five minutes after the Robin and the Song 

 Sparrow respectively; so thirteen species of warblers are found 

 to awake and sing within seventeen minutes of one another, — 

 eleven of the species within eleven minutes — or, from thirty-eight 

 to twenty-one minutes before sunrise. The Crow's first call 

 comes somewhat midway among the warblers' first songs at 

 thirty-four minutes before sunrise. The Purple Finch's first song 

 is at the same time. Golden-crowned Kinglet, Winter Wren, 

 Chickadee, and Red-breasted Nuthatch are first heard among 

 the latest warblers. Cliff Swallow is forty-four minutes later than 

 the Barn and Tree Swallows ; House Sparrow a few minutes earlier 

 than the Cliff Swallow. Goldfinch follows at only a few minutes 

 before sunrise. Bobolink usually waits for sunrising. Cedar 

 Waxwing, Belted Kingfisher, and Chimney Swift commonly 

 remain silent until the sun is risen. White-breasted Nuthatch 

 and the woodpeckers also have not been heard until after sunrise, 

 with the exception of the Sapsucker and sometimes the Pileated 

 Woodpecker, nuthatches and woodpeckers usually taking place 

 at or near the end of the awakening list. This general order one 

 who has some familiarity with morning awakenings may confidently 

 look for, as he moves forth at break of day, and he will not be likely 

 to find many wide departures from it. 



The occasional early songs of Song Sparrow and Chipping Spar- 

 row, infrequently uttered, but quite regularly given, preceding 

 the singing of the Robin, give these sparrows rank in advance of 

 the latter. Mr. Francis H. Allen in his paper, entitled, "More 

 Notes on the Morning Awakening" ('The Auk,' XXX, April, 

 1913, p. 229), takes a different view, regarding these early occa- 

 sional songs as songs of the night and not of morning awakening. 

 The record of June 23, 1912, may serve to illustrate the reason of 

 my view: Song Sparrow sang at 2.45, 2.52, 2.5-4, 2.55, and 2.57; 



