1911] Study of Caterpillars of Sphingidae 263 



In the majority of the Semanophorce the last thoracic or 

 first abdominal segment is much swollen, and the horn is fre- 

 quently replaced by an eyespot. The front often makes a 

 perfect equilateral triangle. The skin is very sparsely if at all 

 granulated in the last stage, and is rarely granulated in the 

 earlier stages. On the labrum, seta iii is quite generally on a 

 level with ii, in the Semanophorae more often nearer the level 

 of vi, at least in normally formed labra. Normal oblique 

 stripes are rather rare. 



If we except Pachysphinx occidentalis we might define the 

 Smerinthinae as caterpillars with heavily granulated body in 

 the last stage, and more or less granulated head, with the setae 

 rising from the apex of the granulations. All except Pachy- 

 sphinx have an acute triangular head, and even in this the head 

 tapers strongly toward the vertex. The labrum is always nor- 

 mal in arrangement of its setae, with the distance between the 

 seta; ii full half the width of the labrum, and with moderate, 

 flaring notch. Except in its smooth skin, and normal horn 

 Pachysphinx occidentalis agrees exactly with P. modesta, and in 

 horn it agrees with Smerinthus. 



The Sphinginae, which comprise the rest of the Asemano- 

 phorce, are less homogeneous. Ceratomia has a densely gran- 

 ulated skin, but is distinguished from all the Smerinthince by 

 possessing a row of middorsal granulations. In the more 

 specialized forms the labral setae are closer together around the 

 notch, and this reaches its extreme in Cocytius, which has a head 

 of normal Smerinthid form. Lapara, also with a triangular 

 head, is easily separated from the Smerinthinae and placed in 

 this series, as its labrum. (as well as markings and habits) 

 agrees closely with Hyloicus. 



I cannot distinguish the three subfamilies of Semanophora, 

 •even by tendencies, and am inclined to treat them as a single 

 subfamily. The eyespot in place of a horn occurs only in the 

 Philampelince, but they are not all of the same type. Humped 

 caterpillars occur in all three (Choerocampa, Darapsa, etc., 

 Erynnyis) and cylindrical ones also (Deilephila, Sphecodina, 

 Pseudosphinx) ; reduced horns (Pergesa, Pholus vitis, and 

 Erynnyis) and normal ones (Xylophanes, Darapsa, Hemaris) ; 

 rounded heads (Deilephila, Macroglossa, Pseudosphinx) and 

 squarish ones (Choerocampa, Darapsa, Erynnyis). The labrum 

 •of Pseudosphinx and Erynnyis is a little peculiar, but that of 



