418 Messrs. Sclater and Mackwortli-Praed on [Ibis, 



The explorations of C. G. Ehrenberg and F. W. Hemprich 

 hardly extended to what is now the Sudan but were confined 

 to the coast of the Red Sea^ thougl) in their ' Symbolse 

 Physicae ^ many Sudanese birds were first described. 



Almost contemporary with them was the well-known 

 Eduard Riippell, who was born at Frankfort in 1794. He 

 visited Egypt in 1817 and again in 1822-26, when his 

 travels extended to Nubia and the Red Sea coast. His 

 third journey in 1831-33 was to Arabia and Abyssinia. 

 He discovered at least a hundred new species, and in his 

 ' Systematische Uebersicht ' published the first complete 

 list of the Birds of north-east Africa. 



Following Rilppell came the Hertzog Paul Wilhelm von 

 Wiirttemberg, who made zoological and botanical collections 

 in Sennar and explored the Blue Nile in 1840-41, and the 

 Swede, Dr. Hedenborg, who travelled in north Arabia, 

 Sennar, and the lower White Nile valley, and wiiose col- 

 lections were described by Sundevall. 



The first English name on the list is that of John 

 Petherick, who was British Consul at Khartoum for some 

 years and travelled as far as Kordofau, where he made 

 a collection of Birds which was worked out by Strickland. 

 He also sent home tlie first living example of Balceniceps 

 to the Zoological Gardens in London. 



The Italian Marchese Orazio Antinori visited north-east 

 Africa in 1859-61 and in 1870-71. His first journey was 

 through Sennar to Kordofau and the Bahr el Ghazal ; his 

 second to Eritrea aud Abyssinia. He himself published a 

 good account of the birds collected on his first journey, and 

 those of his second were reported on by himselt with the 

 aid of Count Salvadori. Another explorer of the same 

 period was Dr. A. E. Brehm, whose travels however did 

 not extend far beyond Khartoum. 



It is, however, to Freiherr Theodore von Heuglin (1824- 

 1877) that we owe the greatest advance of our knowledge of 

 the birds of north-east Africa. Between the years 1849 and 

 1865 he wandered all over the whole of what is now the 



