19 1 8.] the Birds of the Anglo. Egyptian Sudan. 419 



Sudan from Egypt to the Bahr el Ghazal and tlie coasts 

 and islands o£ the Red Sea, making large collections, which 

 are now chiefly in the Vienna Museum, and copious notes 

 on the breeding and other habits of the birds, all of which 

 were finally embodied in his great work, ' Ornithologie 

 Nordost-Afrikas.' 



The only other name which should be mentioned in con- 

 nection with the earlier exploration of the upper Nile 

 valley is that of Emin Pasha, whose real name was 

 Eduard Schnitzer (1840-1893). Appointed by Gordon 

 Governor of the Equatorial Province of Egypt, lie at once 

 commenced sendiug collections of birds and mammals from 

 Lado and other stations in his Province to Dr. Hartlaub of 

 Bremen, wlio published a long series of papers on these, 

 chiefly in the ' Journal fiir Ornithologie.'' A considerable 

 number of Emin's skins, beautifully prepared and labelled 

 with the fullest particulars in his neat handwriting, are 

 now in the Biitish Museum collection, and form the basis 

 of our knowledge of the avifauna of what is now partly 

 the Mongalla Province of the Sudan and partly the Nile 

 Province of the Uganda Protectorate. 



From the time of the death of Gordon in 3 885 to the 

 Khartoum expedition of 1898, the Sudan was inaccessible 

 to travellers and collectors. 



Since the reoccupation and reopening of the Sudan under 

 the piotectorate of Great Britain, a great many travellers 

 and collectors have visited the country ; and a list of the 

 more important papers published since that date will be 

 found in the bibliography, including those of Mr. Butler 

 and the earlier explorers. 



Bibliography. 



(Titles arranged in order of date.) 



1. Hempimch, F. W., and EhkejvBEEG, C. G. Symbolaj Physicse. 



Berlin, 1828 . 



2. Cretzschmak, p. .1. Atlas zu Dr. E. Eiippell's Eeise. 



Frankfurt. 1828-45. 



