28 



TYPICAL SEGMENTS, OR VERTEBRiE. 



pophysis (Fig. 2), a (Gr. ana^ backwards, and apophysis), 

 the metapophysis (z'Z>.), m (Gr. meta^ between, and apophy- 

 sis), the hypapophysis (Fig. 5), y (Gr. JiTjpo^ below, and 

 apophysis), and the epapophysis (Fig. 4), e (Gr. e;j?*, above, 

 and apophysis). Of the autogenous parts, the neural spine 

 is most commonly exogenous ; of the exogenous parts, the 

 parapophyses, diapophyses, and hypapophyses are some- 

 times autogenous. 



"Vertebrae are subject to many" and great modifications 

 — e. g.j as to the number of the elements retained in their 

 composition, as to the form and proportion of the elements, 

 and even as to the relative position of the elements; 

 but the latter modification is never carried to such a 

 degree as to obscure the general pattern or type of the 

 seofment. 



Fig. 4 





PARIETAL SEGMENT, OK THORACIC SEGMENT, OR TYPICAL VERTEBRA. 

 VERTEBRA — MAN. VERTEBRA — 



RAVEN. 



Sometimes, as in the example (Fig. 4) of the third seg- 

 ment of the human skeleton, the neural arch, N, is much 



