SKELETON OF THE HORSE. 165 



scapular muscles are implanted. The joint between it 

 and the scapula is not fettered by any bony bar connect- 

 ing the bladebone with the breastbone ; in other words^ 

 there is no clavicle. The ulna, represented by its olecranal 

 extremity, o4, is confluent with the radius, 55. The os 

 magnum in the second series of carpal bones, 56, is re- 

 markable for its great breadth, corresponding to the 

 enormous development of the metacarpal bone of the 

 middle toe, which forms the chief part of the foot. Splint- 

 shaped rudiments of the metacarpals, answering to the 

 second, ^^', and fourth, w, of the pentadactyle foot, are 

 articulated respectively to the trapezoides and the reduced 

 homologue of the unciforme. The mid-digit, m, consists 

 of the metacarpal called " cannon-bone," and of the three 

 phalanges, which have likewise received special names in 

 Veterinary Anatomy, for the same reason as other bones 

 have received them in Human Anatomy. " Phalanges" is 

 the " general" term of these bones, as being indicative of 

 the class to which they belong, and " h^mapophyses" is 

 the " general" term of parts of the inferior arches of the 

 head-segments ; and just as, from the modifications of these 

 haemapophyses, they have come to be called " maxilla," 

 "mandibula," " cer^tohyal," &c., so the phalanges of the 

 horse's foot are called — the first, "great pastern bone," 

 the second, "small pastern bone," and the third, which 

 supports the hoof, the " cofiin bone ;" a sesamoid ossicle 

 between this and the second is called the "coronary." 

 The ilium, 52, is long, oblique, and narrow, like its homo- 

 type, the scapula; the ischium, 63, is unusually produced 

 backwards. The extreme points of these two bones show 

 the extent to which the bending muscles and extending 

 muscles of the leg are attached; and according to the 

 distance of these points from the thigh-bone the angle at 



