STRUCTURE OF THE APE AXD MAN. 213 



the tiger ; they are, however, weapons of combat and de- 

 fence in these great apes, which are strictly frugivorous. 

 Nevertheless, the muscles that have to work jaws so armed 

 require modifications of the cranium akin to those that 

 characterize the lion, viz : great interparietal, 7, and occi- 

 pital, 3, cristos and massive zygomatic arches. The spines 

 of the cervical vertebros are greatly elongated in relation 

 to the support of such a skull, the facial part of which 

 extends so far in advance of the joint between the head 

 and neck. The chimpanzees, moreover, differ from man 

 in having thirteen pairs of thoracic movable ribs. The 

 long and flat iliac bones, 62, the short femora, 65, so arti- 

 culated with the leg-bones, QQj as to retain habitually a 

 bent position of the knee, the short calcanea, c, and the 

 inward inclination of the sole of the foot, all indicate, in 

 the highest as in the lowest quadrumana, an inaptitude 

 for the erect position, and a compensating gain of climb- 

 ing power favorable for a life to be spent in trees. 



In the osteological structure of man (Fig. 46), the ver- 

 tebrate archetype is furthest departed from by reason of 

 the extreme modifications required to adjust it to the pe- 

 culiar posture, locomotion, and endless variety of actions 

 characteristic of the human race. 



As there is nothing, short of flight, done by the moving 

 powers of other animals that serpents cannot do by the 

 vertebral column alone, so there is no analogous action 

 or mode of motion that man cannot perform, and mostly 

 better, by his wonderfully developed limbs. The reports 

 of the achievements of our athletes, prize wrestlers, prize 

 pedestrians, funambulists, and the records of the shark- 

 pursuing and shark-slaying amphibious Polynesians, of 

 the equestrian people of the Pampas, of the Alpine 

 chasers of the chamois, and of the scansorial bark-strip- 



