IN RELATION TO THE ARCHETYPE. 217 



lowing extreme modifications have been established. In 

 the occipital segment, the haemal arch is detached and 

 displaced, as in all vertebrates above fish ; its pleurapo- 

 physis (scapula, 51) has exchanged, the long and slender 

 for the broad and flat form ; the h^emapophjsis (coracoid, 

 52) is rudimental, and coalesces with 51. The neurapo- 

 physes (exoccipitals, 2) coalesce with the neural spine 

 (superoccipital), and next with the centrum (basioccipital). 

 This afterwards coalesces with the centrum (basisphenoid) 

 of the parietal segment. With this centrum also the 

 neurapophyses, called " alisphenoids," and the centrum of 

 the frontal vertebra, called "presphenoid," become anchy- 

 losed. ■ The neural spine (parietal) retains its primitive 

 distinctness, but is enormously expanded, and is bifid, in 

 relation to the vast expansion of the brain in man. The 

 parapophysis (mastoid) becomes confluent with the tym- 

 panic, petrosal, and squamosal, and with the pleurapo- 

 physis, called "stylohyal," of the haemal (hyoidian) arch. 

 The haemapophysis is ligamentous, sav-e at its junction 

 with the haemal spine, when it forms the ossicle called 

 " lesser cornu of the hyoid bone," the spine itself being 

 the basihyal or body of the hyoid bone. The whole of 

 this inverted arch is much reduced in size, its functions 

 being limited to those of the tongue and larynx, in regard 

 to taste, speech, and deglutition. The neurapophyses 

 (orbitosphenoids) becoming confluent with the centrum 

 (presphenoid) of the frontal vertebra, and the latter coa- 

 lescing with that of the parietal vertebra, the compound 

 bone called ''sphenoid" in anthropotomy results, which 

 combines the centrums and neurapophyses of two cranial 

 vertebrae, together with a diverging appendage (ptery- 

 goid) of the maxillary arch. 



The knowledge of the essential nature of such a com- 

 19 



