TEETH OF THE ELEPHANT. 273 



tiguous incisor is in place, and is not retained beyond 

 the first 3^ear. The npper deciduous canine is shed in 

 the course of the second year. The first true molar, m 1, 

 appears between the eleventh and thirteenth months. 

 The second molar follows before the twentieth month. 

 The first functional premolar, p 2, displaces the deci- 

 duous molar, d 2, at from two years to two years 

 and a half old. The first permanent incisor protrudes 

 from the gum at between two years and a half and three 

 years. At the same period, the penultimate premolar, p 

 8, pushes out the penultimate milk molar, d 3, and 

 the penultimate true molar comes into place. The last 

 premolar displaces the last deciduous molar at between 

 three years and a half and four years ; the appearance 

 above the gum of the last true molar, m 8, is usually 

 somewhat earlier. The second incisor pushes out its 

 deciduous predecessor about the same period. The per- 

 manent canine, or "tusk," next follows; its appearance 

 indicates the age of four years, but it sometimes comes 

 earlier. The third, or outer incisor, pushes out the deci- 

 duous incisor about the fifth year, but is seldom in full 

 place before the horse is five and a half years old. Upon 

 the rising of the third permanent incisor, or "corner 

 nipper" of the veterinarians, the "colt" becomes a "horse," 

 and the "-filly," a "mare," in the language of the horse- 

 dealers. After the disappearance of the " mark" in the 

 incisors, at the eighth or ninth year the horse becomes 

 "aged." 



The most complex condition of teeth adapted to a 

 vegetable diet is that presented by the elephant. The 

 dentition of the genus Elephas includes two long tusks 

 (Fig. 73), one in each of the intermaxillary bones, and large 

 and complex molars (/6.), m 3, 4, and 5, in both jaws; of 



