HISTORY. 5 



1. With four limbs : Seals, Hippopotamus, Beaver, 



Otter, and other aquatic Mammalia. 



2. With two limbs : Mermaids, etc. 



C. Oviparous Amphibians ( = Eeptiles and Frogs). 



D. Viviparous Cartilaginous fishes. 



1. Of an oblong form ( = Sharks). 



2. Of a flat form ( = Rays and Lophius). 



E. Oviparous Cartilaginous fishes ( = Sturgeons and 



Silurus). 



F. Oviparous Cetaceans, with spines instead of bones 



( = large marine fishes, like the Thunny, Sword-fish, 

 Sciaenoids, Bass, Gadoids, Trachypterus). 



II. Spinous Oviparous fishes of a flat form ( = Pleuronectidse). 



III. Fishes of a high form, like Zeus. 



IV. Fishes of a snake-like form ( - Eels, Belone, Sphyrsena). 



V. Small Oviparous, spinous, scaly, marine fishes. 



1. Pelagic kinds. 



2. Littoral kinds. 



3. Kinds inhabiting rocky localities. 



VI. Fluviatile and Lacustrine fishes. 



The work of the Eoman ichthyologist, H. Salviani (1514- Salviani. 

 72), is characteristic of the high social position which the 

 author held as the physician of three popes. Its title is 

 " Aquatilium animalium historia" (Rom. 1554-57, fol.) It 

 treats exclusively of the fishes of Italy. Ninety-two species 

 are figured on seventy-six plates which, as regards artistic 

 execution, are masterpieces of that period, although those 

 specific characteristics which now-a-days constitute the value 

 of a zoological drawing, were entirely overlooked by the 

 author or artist. No attempt is made at a natural classifica- 

 tioa, but the allied forms generally are placed in close proxi- 

 mity. The descriptions are quite equal to those given by 

 Belon, entering much into the details of the economy and 

 usefulness of the several species, and were evidently composed 

 with the view of collecting in a readable form all that might 



