12 FISHES. 



Gronow Two contemporaries, of Linnaeus attempted a systematic 



■ arrangement of fishes ; both had considerable opportunities 

 for their study, especially in possessing extensive collections ; 

 but neither exercised any influence on the progress of Ichthy- 

 ology. The one, L. T. Gronow, a German who resided in 

 Holland, closely followed the arrangements proposed by 

 Artedi and Linna?us, and increased the number of genera and 

 species from the contents of his own museum. He published 

 two works, "Museum Ichthyologicum " (Lugd. 1754-6, fol.),and 

 " Zoophylacium " (Lugd. 1763-81, fol.) ; a posthumous work, 

 containing numerous excellent descriptions of new forms was 

 published by J. E. Gray in 1854 under the title of " Systema 

 Ichthyologicum." To Gronow also is due the invention of pre- 

 paring flat skins of fishes in a dry state, and preserving them 

 in the manner of a herbarium. The specimens thus prepared 

 by him belong to the oldest which have been preserved down 

 to our time. 



Much less important are the ichthyological labours of 

 J, T. Klein (1685-1759). They are embodied in five parts 

 (Missus) of a work entitled " Historia naturalis piscium " 

 (Sedse, 1740-9, 4to.) He regarded a system merely as the 

 means of recognising the various forms of animals, not as the 

 expression of their natural affinities ; and that method seemed 

 to him to be the most perfect by which an animal could be 

 most readily determined. He eschewed all reference to 

 minute or anatomical characters. Hence his system is a 

 series of the most unnatural combinations, and we cannot be 

 surprised that Linnteus passed in silence over Klein's labours. 



Pupils and The works of Artedi and Linnanis excited fresh activity. 



Successors j^qj-q especially in Scandinavia, Holland, Germany, and 



England, such as has not been equalled in the history of 



biological science either before or after. Whilst some of the 



pupils and followers of Limiffius devoted themselves to an 



