656 FISHES. 



families in one — Halccidce. Many of the remains belong to 

 recent genera, which are readily recognised, as Clupea, 

 Ungraulis and Chanos, principally from the schists of Glaris 

 and Licata, from Monte Bolca and the Lebanon. Others, like 

 Thrissopater, from the Ganlt at Folkestone, Leptosomus, 

 Opisthopteryx, Spaniodon, from the chalk and tertiary forma- 

 tions, can be readily associated with recent genera. But the 

 majority do not show an apparent affinity to the present fauna. 

 Thus, Halcc from the chalk of Bohemia, Platinx and Codogastcr 

 from Monte Bolca, RMncllns from Monte Bolca and Mount 

 Lebanon, Scomhrodupca, with finlets behind the anal, from 

 the Lebanon and Comen, and Crossognathus from tertiary Swiss 

 formations, allied to Mcgalops, Spathodactylus from the same 

 locality, and CMrocentrites from Mount Lebanon, etc. Finally, 

 a genus recently discovered in tertiary formations of Northern 

 Italy, HemitricJias, has been classed with the Clupeoids, from 

 which, however, it differs by having two short dorsal fins, so 

 that it must be considered, without doubt, to be the represent- 

 ative of a distinct family. 



Engraulis (including Cetengraulis). — Scales large or of 

 moderate size. Snout more or less conical, projecting beyond 

 the lower jaw. Teeth small or rudimentary. Intermaxillaries 

 very small, hidden ; maxillary long, attached to the cheek by a 

 scarcely distensible membrane. Anal fin of moderate or great 

 length. Branchiostegals short, from nine to fourteen in number. 



JSTot less than forty-three different species of " Anchovies " 

 are known from temperate and tropical seas. They exhibit 

 marked differences in the length of their maxillary bone, 

 which sometimes does not reach the gill-opening, whilst in 

 other species it extends far beyond it ; and in the number of 

 their anal rays, which varies from 20 to 80. Some have the 

 upper pectoral ray prolonged into a filament, thus leading 

 towards the succeeding genus, Coilia. The majority are 

 recognised, besides, by their peculiar structure, by a broad 



