HEERINGS. 659 



2. C. mirabilis. — The Herring of the North Pacific. 



3. C. sprattus. — The " Sprat." Without vomerine teeth. D. 

 15-18. A. 17-20. L. lat. 47-48. Vert. 47-49. Gni-cover . 

 smooth, without radiating ridges. Abundant on the Atlantic 

 coasts of Europe. 



4. C. thrissa. — One of the most common "West Indian fishes, 

 distinguished by the last dorsal ray being prolonged into a 

 filament. Hyrtl has discovered a small accessory branchial 

 organ in this species. 



5. G. alosa. — The " Shad " or " Allice Shad," with very fine 

 and long gill-rakers, from 60 to 80 on the horizontal part of the 

 outer branchial arch, and with one or more black lateral 

 blotches. Coasts of Europe, ascending rivers. 



6. C. finta. — The " Shad " or " Twaite Shad," with stout 

 osseous gill-rakers, from 21 to 27 on the horizontal part of the 

 outer branchial arch, and spotted like the preceding species. 

 Coasts of Europe, ascending rivers, and found in abundance 

 in the Nile. 



7. C. menhaden. — The " Mossbanker," common on the At- 

 lantic coasts of the United States. The economic value of this 

 fish is surpassed in America only by that of the Gadoids, and 

 derived chiefly from its use as bait for other fishes, and from 

 the oil extracted from it, the annual yield of the latter exceed- 

 ing that of the whale (from American Fisheries). The refuse 

 of the oil factories supplies a material of much value for 

 artificial manures. 



[See G. Brown Goode, "The Natural and Economical History of the 

 American Menhaden," in U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, 

 Part v., Washington, 1879, 8vo.] 



8. C. scipidissivia. — The American Shad, abundant, and an 

 important food-fish on the Atlantic coasts of Nortli America. 

 Spawns in fresh water. 



9. C. ynattoivocca. — The " Gaspereau " or " Ale-wife," com- 

 mon on the Atlantic coasts of North America, ascending into 



