660 FISHES. 



freshwater in early spring, and spawning in ponds and 

 lakes. 



10. C. jyilchardus. — The " Pilchard " or the " Sardine," equally 

 abundant in the British Channel, on the coast of Portugal, 

 and in the Mediterranean, and readily recognised by radiat- 

 ing ridges on the operculum, descending towards the sub- 

 operculum. 



11. 0. sagax. — Eepresenting the Pilchard in the Pacific, 

 and found in equally large shoals on the coasts of California, 

 Chile, New Zealand, and Japan. 



12. C. toli. — The subject of a very extensive fishery 

 on the coast of Sumatra for the sake of its roes, which are 

 salted and exported to China, the dried fish themselves 

 being sent into the interior of the island. The fish is called 

 " Trubu" by the Malays, about 18 inches long, and it is 

 said that between fourteen and fifteen millions are caught 

 annually. 



13. C. scomhrina. — The "Oil-Sardine" of the eastern coast of 

 the Indian Peninsula. 



Other, but less important genera of Clupeoids with ser- 

 rated abdomen, are Clupeoidcs, Pcllonula, Clupeiclithys, Pdlona, 

 Pristigaster, and Chiroccntrodon (these three last with very 

 small or without any ventral fins). 



Albula. — Body oblong, moderately compressed ; abdomen 

 flat. Scales of moderate size, adherent ; lateral line distinct. 

 Eyes covered with a broad annular adipose membrane. Snout 

 pointed, the upper jaw projecting beyond the lower. Mouth 

 inferior, of moderate width, with villiform teeth ; intermaxillary 

 juxtaposed to the ujjper anterior edge of the maxillary. Dorsal 

 fin opposite to the ventrals ; anal fin shorter than dorsal. Gill- 

 membranes entirely separate, with numerous branchiostegals. 



One species only (A, cono^^hynclnis), ranging over all tro- 

 pical and sub-tropical seas, and very common in many locali- 



