Vol i90? VI ] Trotter, English Names of American Birds. 359 



color or in the use of the right word. "White-throated Sparrow" is 

 so called by Edwards from a drawing of the species sent him by 

 Bartram who speaks of it in his 'Travels' as "The large brown 

 white throat sparrow." Zonotrichia leucophrys is the "White- 

 crowned Bunting" of Pennant. The vernacular of Passerella 

 iliaca has been contracted from the earlier "Fox-coloured" (or 

 "colored") to simple "Fox Sparrow." Bartram calls it "The red, 

 or fox coloured ground or hedge sparrow." Barton, in his 'Frag- 

 ments,' speaks of this species' name in New York as "the Shep- 

 herd " (Fragments, 15). Our modern "Cardinal" is undoubtedly of 

 French origin. Catesby gives it its English title of "Red-bird" 

 and also "Le Cardinal" (I, 38). It is "The red-bird or Vir- 

 ginia Nightingale" of Bartram and other early writers. Catesby 

 figures Guiraca cceruka as "The Blew Grosbeak" (I, 39). "Rose- 

 breasted" (Wilson) may be traced to Le Rose Gorge of Buffon and 

 "Red-breasted Grosbeak" of Pennant. Passerina cyanea is "The 

 Blew Linnet" of Catesby (I, 45), who further alludes to it as the 

 "Indigo-bird of Americans." The "Painted Finch" (P. ciris) is 

 so called by Catesby, and Bartram likewise adds its other title of 

 "Nonpariel." "Lazuli" was bestowed upon P. amcena by Say 

 (Long's Exp., II, 47, 1823). 



Pennant first uses the name "Black-throated Bunting" for 

 Sjriza americana, but Bartram mentions this species under the title 

 "Calandra pratensis, the May bird" (Travels, 291). "Dickcissel," 

 its modern name, appears to have originated through Mr. Robert 

 Ridgway from Middle West localities (Coues, Birds of the North 

 West, 166). Wilson borrowed the term "sharp-tailed" for Ammo- 

 d ramus caudacvtus from Turton (Syst., 562). "Lark," as applied 

 to two species of Fringillidae — Chondestes grammacus and Cala- 

 mospiza melanoeorys — was bestowed upon these different birds, 

 in the one case by Say and in the other by Townsend, in view of their 

 lark-like appearance and habits. 



Among the Warblers we have a host of color names. "Mourn- 

 ing Warbler" we owe to its discoverer Wilson. The Summer 

 Warbler or "Yellow Warbler" (Dendroica aestiva) was "the 

 Yellow Titmouse of Catesby (I, 63), "the summer Yellow-bird" 

 of Bartram, the "Yellow-poll" of Latham and Pennant and the 

 "Blue-eved Yellow Warbler of Wilson. Sav first described the 



