13 



of certainty exactly what has l>rou«^lit about tliis change is inipo.swible 

 from the data at himtl. 



GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 



The original home of the codling- moth is not definitely known, but 

 is supposed to be southeastern Europe, the home of the apple. It has 

 followed the distribution of the apple closely until it is now present, 

 with but few exceptions, in all countries where apples are grown. It 

 has spread over Europe, and is present as far as the apple region 

 extends in Siberia. It was noted in Australia about 1855, Tasmania 

 about 1861, New Zealand in 1871, South Africa about 1885, and Zeller 

 received it from Brazil in 1891. 



Mr. C. L. Marlatt reports that he did not observe this insect in 

 either Japan or China in his extended travels in those regions. Mr. 

 George W. ('ompere also states that he has never observed it in China. 

 Prof. A. B. Cordley states that this insect has reached China. Evi- 

 dently some corres})ondent of his has reported it as present in that 

 country. As apples are being continual!}^ shipped to both Japan and 

 China, it is but a question of a few years when it will either be intro- 

 duced or become injurious in the orchards of those countries. 



Extended researches of many investigators have failed to give date 

 or definite information as to the time and manner of introduction of 

 the codling moth into America. For a long time injury to the apple 

 by this insect was thought to be the work of the plum curculio; and 

 it was not till 1811) that the codling moth was reared from wormy 

 apples by Burrell. It was evidently quite w'ell distributed in the 

 eastern United States before its work was identified, as there are but 

 few records of its spread. In 1810 it was a serious pest in New Eng- 

 land and central New York. About 1860 it invaded Iowa. For many 

 years it has been a serious pest in Canada. Mr. Alexander Craw 

 stated in 1893 that the insect was first introduced into California by 

 means of some fruit brought from the East to Sacramento for exhibi- 

 tion purposes in 1872. No measures were taken to destroy the insects 

 in this fruit, and two ^^ears later its presence in abundance was noted. 

 Later it was rapidly distributed over the State, aided })y the system of 

 returning boxes. Dr. C. V. Riley mentions in 1876 that this insect 

 was then present in Utah, where it had evidently been introduced a 

 year or two previousl}". 



From these points of infestation the codling moth spread over the 

 Western States. Prof. J. M. Aldrich states that it has been known in 

 the Clearwater Valley in Idaho since 1887. Mr. I. L. Tiner, of Boise, 

 states that in 1887 he found the first indication of this insect at 

 Boise, Idaho. Mr. Thomas Davis, of Boise, states that it was intro- 

 duced into his orchard at about the same time. 



