18 



47,U<K>,00() l)arrel,s tit $1 wc haven cash valuation of $47,00(>,(K)0 for 

 the first and .second qualities. 



Jt is well within the limits of safety to estimate that one-fourth more 

 apples would have been i)laced on the market had It not l)een for the 

 codling- moth. This one-fourth would be about 1j},0()0,0()0 l)arrels, and 

 would have no value except for cider or local sale at very low price. 

 The averaj4"e price for cider ap})les is about 30 cents, which price would 

 yield a total of about $3,()00,000 as the value of the windfalls, culls, 

 and cider apples, while if they were average apples, at $1 net per barrel 

 the value would be $12,000,000, showing an annual loss of al)out 

 $8,400,000. The loss in home orchards, in which the percentage of 

 loss is far greater than in the commercial orchards, is estimated at 

 $3,000,000, giving a total annual loss of $11,100,000. 



The loss in the countr\' at large or an}- section of the country will 

 vary with the size of the apple crop. In years of full crops the com- 

 parative injur}" is not so great as in years when the crop is small and 

 the prices high. 



FOOD HABITS. 



This insect is essentially a feeder upon rosaceous fruits, and to them 

 all of the injur}' is done. 



FRUITS INFESTED. 



The apple is by far the most infested fruit. It is the natural food 

 of the codling moth, and under ordinary circumstances is the only fruit 

 injured, save pears. It is quite safe to assume that the larvje of the 

 codling moth originall}' fed upon the leaves of the apple and that the 

 habit of })urrowing in the fruit is acquired. Much has l)een said and 

 written as to the resistance b}^ different varieties of apple to this insect. 

 In Bulletin 35, new series, Division of Entomology, the writer gave a 

 list of varieties and indicated the resistance. It is a notable fact that 

 the summer varieties of apples are very attractive to the second gen- 

 eration of insects. Varieties which are fragrant, as the Pewaukee and 

 Ortley (Bellflower), are always badl}- infested. As a general rule, one 

 can say that the harder and less ripe late apples are not attacked to 

 the same extent as those which are ripe and fragrant when the second 

 generation enters. 



It is impossible, from the nature of the case, to determine the exact 

 ratio of resistance of the varieties. In one orchard one will tind fruit 

 of the Ben Davis variety least infested, while in another it will be 

 the most infested. These differences are without doubt due to local 

 conditions in the different orchards. 



Pears are next in order of infestation. Under ordinary conditions 

 they are not injured to any great extent. In the Pacific Northwest in 

 badly infested localities the injur}' rarely reaches a total of 20 per cent. 

 When remedial measures are used this is reduced to from 5 to 15 per 



