25 



In 1893 Professor Washburn gave an accurate description of the 

 egg, with the iirst figure of it. This figure shows a well-formed 

 embryo inside, ])ut the network of ridges near the center is uuich too 

 open. 



Siingerland in 1896 and Card in 1897 distinguished the eggs and 

 made many observations which added materially to our knowledge of 

 this stage. In his 1898 bulletin Siingerland publishes man}' excellent 

 photographs and descriptions which caused the eggs to be familiar 

 ol ejects. Influenced by Slingerland's and Card's work, Aldrich, Cord- 

 ley, Gillette, and others have from time to time added to the sum of 

 our knowledge of this stage of the insect. It is remarkable that, in 

 spite of the many studies of its life histor}-, the egg escaped notice 

 for so long and when seen was not described and figured until a com- 

 paratively late date. 



The egg is a flat, somewhat oval-shaped object with a flange around 

 it. It varies in size from 0.9(> to 1 by 1.17 to 1.32 nnn. Commonly 

 speaking, it is about the size of a pin head. The surface is covered 

 with a network of i-idges which are much closer together toward the 

 central portion than around the edge. The color depends upon the 

 age of the embrj^o; as when the egg is first laid it is of a pearh^ white 

 color, sometimes with a decided yellowish tinge; later it is darker on 

 account of the red ring. The eggs are always glued to the apple or 

 leaf and one often finds shells which remain for some time after the 

 larva has hatched. The reflection of light from the egg is of the 

 greatest aid in finding them, and they have often ])een described as 

 reflecting the light like '''trout scales." (Sec PI. III.) 



PLACES WHERE LAID. 



Having never seen the egg, the early writers Avere forced to guess 

 as to Avhere it was laid. The}' stated that the eggs were laid either in 

 the stem end or in or al)out the calyx end of the apple. These views 

 were held because of the position of the entrance holes of the larvffi. 

 These ideas were published again and again for over a centur}-, and 

 American writers copied them until about 1897, when, by a series of 

 o))servations, it was proved that they were incorrect. In 18S9 Koe])ele 

 and Weir stated that the eggs are laid at an}^ point upon the apple 

 and are "as a rule laid elsewhere than within the cal3^x." Washburn 

 in 1892 found that the eggs were "placed on both sides and the top 

 of the fruit." In the spring of 1896 Siingerland found that in con- 

 finement the moths laid eggs on the sides of the cages, on leaves, and 

 on bark. Card in 1897 found that the eggs were laid almost exclu- 

 sively upon the upper surface of the leaves, and in 1897 only 2 eggs 

 were observed in the field. In a recent letter Professor Cordley 

 states that out of 15 eggs laid in confinement the greater numl)er were 



