59 



INVERTEBRATE ENEMIES. 



The writer has often found moths in limb cages dead with spider's 

 silk wound around them, but made no further observations. The 

 insect enemies of the codling moth are either predaceous or parasitic, 

 and are quite numerous as to species, but are usuall}" few as to individ- 

 uals. A large number of predaceous insects in the larval stage have 

 been observed feeding upon the codling moth, the following list being 

 compiled from publications of various authors: 



OiauliognatJms pennsylvaniciis. Pterostichus californicus. 



CJiauliognathus marghiatus. Calaihius rufipes. 



TelcpJiurus bilineatus. Derinestid. 



Trogosita cortkalis. Clerid. 



Trogosita laticoHis. Chrysopa. 



Trogoderma tarmlis. - Raphidid. 



Perimegatoma variegatn. 



In regard to many of these predaceous insects it is doulitful whether 

 they feed upon the living codling moth larva or upon dead specimens. 

 At best, the}^ do not reduce the number of the larvaj to an}- consider- 

 able extent. In Utah a species of Ammophila was found stocking its 

 burrows with larva? of the codling moth. It is also recorded in Cali- 

 fornia that Spkeclns nevadensis was found pulling the larva? out of 

 their })urrows. 



Many observers have found the eggs parasitized by a species of 

 Trichogramma. Even in its protected life the larva is preyed upon 

 by many parasitic insects, among which are the following: 



Goniozus sp. Pimpla unnulipes. 



Macrocentrns delicatns. Bethylus sp. 



The writer found traces of three species of parasitic Hymenoptera 

 which were preying upon the codling moth in the Pacific northwest, but 

 was unal)le to breed any of them. Among the Diptera only one para- 

 site is mentioned, namel3\ Ili/jjostena imriahills. 



In general it may be said that these parasitic insects are found in 

 such numbers to be of value only in neglected orchards, and in any 

 orchard that is well taken care of, spra3'ed, banded, and otherwise 

 treated in preventive and remedial ways, these predaceous and para- 

 sitic insects are found in very small numbers or are entirel}' absent. 



Even with the host of enemies arrayed against it, the codling moth 

 under normal conditions in the West will ruin practically all of the 

 apple crop, and if success is to be ol)tained proper measures of con- 

 trol b}' human agencies must be instituted, and the parasitic and pre- 

 daceous enemies left out of the question, except woodpeckers, which 

 may be encouraged with profit. 



