61 



qualit}", size, and color. Although maii}^ of these questions are not 

 closel}' allied to the control of the codling- moth, they are of impor- 

 tance, as anything- which increases the margin of protit aids in secur- 

 ing better general results from an orchard. 



There arc many methods of* prevention which may l)e applied to 

 keeping the insect out of a section of the country in which it is not 

 yet present. By study of the means of its .spread it will l)e learned 

 how it may have entered the country, and by closing all possible ave- 

 nues of introduction immunity ma>' be secured for many years; but 

 if fruit is ])eing continually shipped into a new country from an 

 infested district, it is onh^ a (juestion of a few years when in spite of 

 all that can be done the insect will gain a foothold. Whether it 

 becomes injurious or the loss is nominal will depend upon many condi- 

 tions. 



Many orchardists who have planted voung orchards in infested 

 districts are (juite desirous of keeping the codling motli out of their 

 orchards as long as possible, ])ut if there are infested orchards near b}^ 

 this is a practical impossibility. It may be said that money and la})or 

 spent in keeping the insect out of a section oi- an orchard will accom- 

 plish more good if directed toward the study of ))ei;ter orchard methods 

 and adapting the measures of control to that section of the country. 



To insure the best results in the planting of a 3'oung orchard in an 

 infested locality the codling moth should ho. considered from the very 

 first, and everything that is done should be done only after taking into 

 account the actual or probable presence of the insect. If note is taken 

 of these methods and they are faithfully carried out, a great amount 

 of labor and loss will be saved when the orchard is in bearing. There 

 are manv questions which can ])& decided for each locality only after 

 all the conditions over which the fruit grower has no control, such as 

 transportation, exposure, temperature limits, and proximity to water, 

 have been fully considered. Although the question of soil^ is very 

 important, by appropriate methods the character of some soils can be 

 materially changed, as by cultivation, cover crops, and other means. 

 The first question which confronts a man wishing to plant an orchard 

 is the question of varieties, which is one of the most difficult problems 

 to be solved. The soil, the climate, the purpose for which apples 

 are grown, and various other factors, nuist be considered, each one 

 having its own bearing upon the problem. If a home orchard, the 

 likes and dislikes of the grower are the first consideration, but if the 

 aim is to plant and maintain a commercial orchard, the question of 

 varieties must be determined, first, by finding what varieties are well 

 adapted to the localit}^ in question. This can be learned by consulting 

 the experiment station officials in the difi'erent States and from the 

 experience of growers who have orchards in that locality. The next 

 consideration is what varieties will meet the market demands and com- 



