67 



5,000 gallons of cider were made, which sold for as hij^h as 20 cents 

 per gallon. One l)ushel of apples made from 2^ to 3^ gallons of 

 cider, by means of a hydraulic press run by the gasoline engine used 

 in sprajdng. 



If it is not possible to dispose of the culls otherwise, they should 

 be buried in holes in the orchard and covered over with 6 to 8 inches 

 of closel}'^ packed earth, (PI. VI, fig. 2.) Occasions may arise when 

 it is necessary to store these for some time, although the storing of 

 such fruit should be avoided if possible. 



Fruit should be stored in a house in which there are no holes or 

 cracks in the roof or walls. When the lavvve inside the fruit have 

 completed their development they spin cocoons and transform into 

 pup^e, which in turn transform into moths. These moths emerge, 

 and if there are cracks or holes in the house the}' Avill escape and fly 

 to the orchard the following spring. If, however, the house is tight 

 it may be fumigated; or, better still, screens may be placed over the 

 windows, and as the moths collect upon these screens, they may be 

 crushed, or they will die if left a week or so. 



The writer studied two cases in Idaho in which apples were stored 

 quite near an orchard. (PI. IV, figs. 2 and 3.) The effect was that 

 the following year the part of the orchard nearest the apple house 

 was always most infested, and in spite of all the remedial measures 

 applied there was a great amount of damage. In California it was 

 found by Mr. De Long that in a house in which apples were stored 

 the moths always emerged and went to the windows. Records were 

 kept of these insects, and it was found tha,t 11,974 moths were killed 

 from April 1.5 to August 12. One can easily imagine what destruc- 

 tion these moths would have caused had they been allowed to fly to 

 the orchard. 



niEVENTIVE MEASURES IN OLD ORCHARDS. 



In all sections of the country old neglected orchards are easily found 

 in which practically^ all of the fruit is "infested by the codling moth. 

 The writer is quite familiar with two tvpieal orchards, one of which is 

 situated in an irrigated section of the far West and the other in a 

 humid section of the East. Although the climatic and other conditions 

 are quite different the two oi'chards have many features in common. 



The western orchard consists of about 300 trees about 18 or 20 

 years old, planted about 16 feet apart each way. The branches of 

 each tree touch those of the surrounding trees so as to form a dense 

 mass of branches and foliage. Theformer owner of the orchard, find- 

 ing that the codling moth destroyed the larger part of the fruit, gave 

 the orchard no irrigation, and in consequence the trees are in a more 

 or less stunted condition. The branches are thickly matted together, 

 having never been pruned. The trunks and branches of the trees are 



