69 



and branches should be filled with cement, plaster, or cla3% in order 

 that the insects inside may be confined and die, and that. other larvw 

 later in the season will be unable to enter to spin their cocoons. The 

 rough bark on the trunks and branches should be scraped away and 

 burned. 



In both of these orchards it is a noticeable fact that the woodpeckers 

 have been very efficient in digging- out the hibernating larvii^. (PI. 

 VIII.) It has been often noted by authors that early in the spring it 

 is almost impossible to find larva^ of the codling moth under the 

 rough l)ark and other exposed places in badly infested orchards. 

 Instead of finding the cocoons with the larva? inside, one will find 

 empty cocoons with a hole through the bark of the tree, showing that 

 the insect has fallen pre}' to woodpeckers. All places in which the 

 larvi^ might spin cocoons should be destroyed oi rendered unsuitable, 

 and the larva? forced to spin cocoons in exposed places where the wood- 

 peckers and other Inrds can get them. 



The soil in these two orchards should receive about the same treat- 

 ment, except that irrigation should be begun in the western orchard. 

 They should both receive a very shallow cultivation for about one 

 year, with a dressing of manure. The cultivation should be so shal- 

 low as not to injure any of the roots, which may be quite near the 

 surface. The second year, red clover, cowpeas, or some other legu- 

 minous cover crop should be sown, and every third year this ma}" be 

 turned under, thus adding available plant food to the soil. When 

 these methods are followed the recommendation given for an orchard in 

 l)earing should be adopted. At best the pi'eventive measures can not 

 control the insect in an orchard, but they are valuable adjuncts which 

 render the measures more efficient. 



REMEDIAL MEASURES. 



Remedial measures against the codling moth are those measures 

 from which little or no benefit is derived except in saving fruit from 

 the ravages of the insect by killing it. 



MEASURES OF LITTLE OR NO VALUE. 



The codling moth seems to have been common in orchards for many 

 centuries, but no one made any suggestions as to how its ravages 

 might be checked. The first recommendations made were of no"value, 

 and it is interesting to note how these recommendations have recurred 

 at various periods in popular writings. Many of these remedies, 

 having little or no value, are taken up by companies, given all the 

 benefit of modern advertising methods, and thoroughly distributed 

 before the fruit growers become aware of their worthlessness. In 

 order that the fruit grower may know what not to do as well as what he 



